Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation

Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation presents an overview of carbon-based technologies and processes, and examines their usefulness and efficiency for environmental preservation and remediation. Chapters cover topics ranging from pollutants removal to new processes in materials science. Written for interested readers with strong scientific and technological backgrounds, this book will appeal to scientific advisors at private companies, academics, and graduate students

수중 유기오염물질 제거를 위한 금속-유기 복합체 MIL-100(Fe)의 합성 및 제거 특성 연구

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 생태조경.지역시스템공학부(지역시스템공학전공), 2021.8. 김성배.The aim of this study was to characterize the removal of contaminants from aqueous solution using a Metal-organic framework (MOF). The MOF is a porous crystalline complex made by a strong coordination bond between a metal cluster and an organic linker, which has large surface area, structural flexibility. MIL-100(Fe) was synthesized at room temperature with Iron (Fe) and Trimesic acid (H3BTC). MIL-100(Fe) has environmental-friendly nature, high water stability, and great adsorption capacity. In this study, the MIL-100(Fe) was applied as an adsorbent to removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Diclofenac (DCF) from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were conducted for RhB and DCF, respectively under single-parameter and multi-parameter experiment conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity for RhB is 61.845 mg g-1 and DCF is 414. 581 mg g-1. The main mechanisms are π-π interaction and electrostatic attraction for RhB removal, and π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding for DCF removal. Further, Response surface methodology (RSM) and Artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to model and optimized the RhB and DCF removal in the range of the CCD matrix as multi-parameter models. In RSM modeling, the cubic regression model was developed for RhB removal and the regressor variable of pH had a larger coefficient value indicating that pH had a highest impact on the RhB removal rate. The optimum RhB removal rate was found at pH 5.3, adsorbent dose 2.0 g L-1, initial RhB concentration 73 mg L-1 through the prediction of the modeled ANN with topology 3:8:1. The optimum DCF removal rate was found at initial pH 6.1, adsorbent dose 0.5 g L-1, initial DCF concentration 63 mg L-1, temperature 22 ℃ through the prediction of the modeled ANN with topology 4:7:6:2. Study results indicate that the MIL-100(Fe) synthesized at room temperature shows high adsorption capacity for RhB and DCF removal from synthetic water, and the RSM and ANN model could be successfully optimize and predict for RhB and DCF removal as multi-parameter models.본 연구의 목적은 금속-유기 복합체 (Metal organic framework, MOF)를 사용하여 수용액에서 오염 물질을 제거하는 것이다. MOF는 금속 클러스터와 유기 링커 사이의 강력한 배위 결합으로 만들어진 다공성 결정형 복합체로, 표면적이 크고 구조적 유연성이 있다는 특성을 가지고 있다. MOF 중에서도 상온에서 합성한 MIL-100(Fe)는 철 (Fe)과 Trimesic acid 를 사용하였고, 환경 친화적이며, 수중 안정성이 높고, 높은 흡착효율을 보이는 흡착제이다. 본 연구에서는 MIL-100(Fe)를 흡착제로 사용하여 수중의Rhodamine B (RhB)와 Diclofenac (DCF)를 제거하였다. 단일 매개 변수 및 다중 매개 변수 실험 조건에서 RhB와 DCF 각각에 대해 흡착 회분 실험을 진행하였다. MIL-100(Fe)을 이용한 RhB의 최대흡착능은 61.845 mg g-1 이고, DCF의 최대흡착능은 414.581 mg g-1 이다. pH 실험 결과, RhB 흡착의 주된 메커니즘은 π-π 결합과 정전기적 인력이며, DCF 흡착의 주된 메커니즘은 π-π 결합과 수소결합이다. 또한, 반응표면방법론 (RSM)과 인공신경망 (ANN)을 사용하여 중심합성설계 (CCD) 매트릭스 조건 범위에서 RhB와 DCF 제거에 대한 다중 매개 변수 실험을 모델링하고 최적화하였다. RSM 모델링에서는 RhB 제거를 위해 3차 회귀 모델이 사용되었으며, 변수 중에서 가장 큰 회귀 변수 값을 갖는 pH가 RhB 제거율에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 나타낸다. ANN 모델링을 통한 최적의 RhB 제거율을 보이는 조건은 3:8:1 의 ANN 구조에서 pH 5.3, 흡착제 용량 2.0 g L-1, 초기 RhB 농도 73 mg L-1 이다. 최적의 DCF 제거율을 보이는 조건은 4:7:6:2 의 ANN 구조에서 초기 pH 6.1, 흡착제 용량 0.5 g L-1, 초기 DCF 농도 63 mg L-1, 반응온도 22 ℃ 이다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 상온에서 합성한 MIL-100(Fe)이 수중 RhB와 DCF를 제거에 높은 흡착능을 보이는 효과적인 흡착제임을 확인하였고, RSM과 ANN 모델이 다중 매개 변수 모델로서 RhB와 DCF 제거를 최적화하고 예측하는 데 효과적인 모델임을 확인하였다.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.1.1. Metal-organic framework (MOF) 3 1.1.2. Contaminants 6 1.1.3. Multi-parameter model 12 1.2. Objective 14 2. Literature Review 15 2.1. Adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solution using MOFs 15 2.2. Dye adsorption using MOFs 18 2.3. Pharmaceutical adsorption using MOFs 23 3. Materials and Methods 30 3.1. Synthesis of MIL-100(Fe) at room temperature 30 3.2. Characterization of MIL-100(Fe) 33 3.3. RhB adsorption from synthetic water 35 3.3.1. Single-parameter experiments for RhB removal 35 3.3.2. Multi-parameter experiments for RhB removal 39 3.4. DCF adsorption from synthetic water 43 3.4.1. Single-parameter experiments for DCF removal 43 3.4.2. Multi-parameter experiments for DCF removal 48 3.5. Data analysis for single-parameter experiments 51 3.6. Multi-parameter modeling through RSM and ANN 54 3.6.1. Response surface methodology (RSM) 54 3.6.2. Artifical neural network (ANN) 56 4. Results and Discussion 60 4.1. Characterization of MIL-100(Fe) 60 4.2. Adsorption studies for RhB 72 4.2.1. Single-parameter experiments for RhB removal 72 4.2.2. Multi-parameter modeling using RSM 80 4.2.3. Multi-parameter modeling using ANN 87 4.3. Adsorption studies for DCF 99 4.3.1. Single-parameter experiments for DCF removal 99 4.3.2. Multi-parameter modeling using ANN 109 5. Conclusions 121 6. References 124석

Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation

Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation presents an overview of carbon-based technologies and processes, and examines their usefulness and efficiency for environmental preservation and remediation. Chapters cover topics ranging from pollutants removal to new processes in materials science. Written for interested readers with strong scientific and technological backgrounds, this book will appeal to scientific advisors at private companies, academics, and graduate students

Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water: Conventional and Alternative Treatments

Pharmaceuticals represent an especially worrying class of micropollutants because they are biologically active. Thus, their occurrence in aquatic environments may cause undesirable effects in living organisms and, if present in water sources for human consumption, may constitute a public health issue. However, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which have not been designed for the removal of pharmaceuticals and cannot guarantee their full elimination, are considered hotspots for their dissemination in natural waters. In this context, the Special Issue (SI) entitled “Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water: Conventional and Alternative Treatments” was launched to contribute to the assessment of the contemporary challenges and advances in the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Papers published in the SI, which have been compiled in this book, approached the topic with either of the following different perspectives: (i) the fate and removal of pharmaceuticals by conventional treatments applied in existing WWTPs; or (ii) advanced and alternative green approaches to remove pharmaceuticals from water. Apart from the Editorial, papers published within this SI include two literature reviews and six experimental studies, all of them presenting unconventional approaches, original views, innovative research and/or novel methodologies. This compilation will definitely spark the attention of readers intrigued in the topic, and is useful for researchers in the field

Study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth: screen the best conditions and evaluate the effects of wine and histamine

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisThe rowanberries (Sorbus aucuparia, also called Tramazeira fruits in Portugal) are small orange-red “fruits” of a rowan tree, which are highly resistant to cold climates. They have been traditionally used in various processed foods due to their high relevance to human health. These berries have been described as an important source of phenolic compounds and a source of bacteria/yeasts, being suitable for the production of health-food products. In this work, the microbiology quality of Tramazeira fruit samples was evaluated to select the one with higher microbial quality that could be used to isolate/select a yeast for further assays. After yeast identification as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (API method), an experimental design was applied to define optimal experimental conditions in a culture media for its growth. For this purpose, a fractional factorial design with 4 factors, 3 levels (including the center points) was applied varying the culture medium composition in glucose (10, 15 and 20 g/L), peptone (5, 7.5 and 10 g/L) and yeast extract (1, 3 and 5 g/L), as well, the inoculum quantity (105 , 106 and 107 CFU/mL). The optimal culture media (standard media) had 10 g/L of glucose, 5 g/L of peptone, 1 g/L of extract yeast, and 107 CFU/mL of inoculum quantity, which allowed to obtain a growth value of 22.8 CFU, in logarithmic scale. To test Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth, different matrices as grape juice or a mixture of grape juice and white wine (1:1), together with different concentrations of histamine (2, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L), were tested. It was shown that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth was delayed in the culture media with the presence of alcohol. Also, there was no evidence that histamine levels did affected the overall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. Considering the overall results, there was a reduction in growth in the culture medium prepared with grape juice in comparison to the standard culture media (85.3% of the result obtained in the standard media), while for the culture medium with the mixture of grape juice and white wine, the growth was 67.0% of the standard media.A sorveira-brava (Sorbus aucuparia, também chamada de Tramazeira em Portugal), que produz uma pequena “fruta” laranja-avermelhada, é muito resistente aos climas frios. A Tramazeira têm sido tradicionalmente usada em vários alimentos processados devido à sua alta relevância para a saúde humana. As frutas têm sido descritas como uma importante fonte de compostos fenólicos e uma fonte de bactérias/leveduras, adequadas para a produção de produtos alimentares saudáveis. Neste trabalho, a qualidade microbiológica do fruto da Tramazeira foi avaliada para selecionar a amostra com a maior qualidade microbiana que poderia ser usada para isolar/selecionar uma levedura para testes posteriores. Após a identificação da levedura como Saccharomyces cerevisiae (método API), um delineamento experimental foi aplicado para definir o meio de cultura ótimo para o seu crescimento. Para isso, foi aplicado um desenho fatorial fracionário com 4 fatores, 3 níveis (incluindo os pontos centrais), variando a composição do meio de cultura em glicose (10, 15 e 20 g/L), peptona (5, 7,5 e 10 g/L) e extrato de levedura (1, 3 e 5 g/L), bem como a quantidade de inóculo (105 , 106 e 107 UFC/mL). O meio de cultura ótimo (meio padrão) continha 10 g/L de glicose, 5 g/L de peptona, 1 g/L de extrato de levedura e 107 UFC/mL de quantidade de inóculo, o que permitiu obter um valor de crescimento de 22,8 UFC, na escala logarítmica. Para testar o crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diferentes matrizes, como sumo de uva ou uma mistura de sumo de uva e vinho branco, com diferentes concentrações de histamina (2, 5, 10 e 20 mg/L), foram testados. Foi demonstrado que o crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi retardado em meios de cultura com presença de álcool. Além disso, não houve evidências de que os níveis de histamina afetaram o crescimento geral da Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Considerando os resultados gerais, houve redução no crescimento do meio de cultura de sumo de uva (85,3% do resultado obtido com o meio de cultura padrão), enquanto para o meio de cultura de mistura de sumo de uva e vinho branco, o crescimento foi de 67,0% do obtido com o meio padrão

The Production of Algal Biodiesel Using Hydrothermal Carbonization and In Situ Transesterification.

Increasing demand for liquid transportation fuels and growing concerns about the impacts of our continued reliance on petroleum have encouraged the use of plant-based, alternative fuels. Recently, interest has grown in using oleaginous microalgae as a biofuel feedstock, largely on the promise of high oil yields and the ability to use abandoned or unproductive land along with brackish, salt, or wastewaters instead of freshwater. In this work, we developed a novel biorefinery concept for the production of algal biodiesel that incorporates nutrient recycling while obviating biomass drying and organic solvent use for lipid extraction. We first grew algae, both photo- and heterotrophically, to produce biomass containing lipids suitable for conversion into biodiesel. This biomass was then dewatered to a 15–25% solids paste and reacted in and with subcritical liquid water (180–250 °C) in a process known as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). During HTC, about half of the mass of the algae cell dissolves into the aqueous phase, forming a nutrient-rich co-product, while the remainder conglomerates into a hydrochar that can be recovered by filtration or centrifugation. Our work revealed that nearly all of the lipids present in the algae remain in the hydrochar and that these lipids can be converted into fatty acid ethyl esters without prior extraction by in situ transesterification (IST). We also found that the aqueous phase co-product supported algal growth and could replace roughly 50% of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers used in common media. Based on our experimental work, we modeled the mass and energy flows associated with a hypothetical algal biorefinery capable of producing 5 billion gallons per year of biodiesel and found that HTC and supercritical IST can significantly reduce the energy associated with processing wet algal biomass relative to wet hexane extraction and traditional transesterification, perhaps by as much as 50%. In addition, this work highlighted the importance of effectively converting the non-lipid fraction of the biomass into usable nutrients as well as a source for on-site heat and power.PHDChemical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99977/1/rblevine_1.pd

Urban and Industrial Wastewater Disinfection and Decontamination by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

The papers selected for publication in the Special Issue “Urban and industrial wastewater disinfection and decontamination by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): current issues and future trends” and published in this book, include topics related with (waste)water treatment and its reuse, disinfection, and pollutant degradation, advancing the know-how of the topics or assessing their integration into the new age of the circular economy of water. Likewise, aspects such as modeling of degradation processes and new materials synthesis were published, aiming to improve, optimize and predict the efficacy of the existing or the novel treatment processes. Moreover, pilot plant operation and large-scale processes were featured, assessing the feasibility of these new treatment methods in real world applications. Overall, the Special Issue and this book present innovative solutions on the field of water and wastewater treatment, with a view on the future technologies that will form the next advances of the field

Book of abstracts of the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference: CHEMPOR 2008

This book contains the extended abstracts presented at the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference - CHEMPOR 2008, held in Braga, Portugal, over 3 days, from the 4th to the 6th of September, 2008. Previous editions took place in Lisboa (1975, 1889, 1998), Braga (1978), Póvoa de Varzim (1981), Coimbra (1985, 2005), Porto (1993), and Aveiro (2001). The conference was jointly organized by the University of Minho, “Ordem dos Engenheiros”, and the IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering with the usual support of the “Sociedade Portuguesa de Química” and, by the first time, of the “Sociedade Portuguesa de Biotecnologia”. Thirty years elapsed since CHEMPOR was held at the University of Minho, organized by T.R. Bott, D. Allen, A. Bridgwater, J.J.B. Romero, L.J.S. Soares and J.D.R.S. Pinheiro. We are fortunate to have Profs. Bott, Soares and Pinheiro in the Honor Committee of this 10th edition, under the high Patronage of his Excellency the President of the Portuguese Republic, Prof. Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The opening ceremony will confer Prof. Bott with a “Long Term Achievement” award acknowledging the important contribution Prof. Bott brought along more than 30 years to the development of the Chemical Engineering science, to the launch of CHEMPOR series and specially to the University of Minho. Prof. Bott’s inaugural lecture will address the importance of effective energy management in processing operations, particularly in the effectiveness of heat recovery and the associated reduction in greenhouse gas emission from combustion processes. The CHEMPOR series traditionally brings together both young and established researchers and end users to discuss recent developments in different areas of Chemical Engineering. The scope of this edition is broadening out by including the Biological Engineering research. One of the major core areas of the conference program is life quality, due to the importance that Chemical and Biological Engineering plays in this area. “Integration of Life Sciences & Engineering” and “Sustainable Process-Product Development through Green Chemistry” are two of the leading themes with papers addressing such important issues. This is complemented with additional leading themes including “Advancing the Chemical and Biological Engineering Fundamentals”, “Multi-Scale and/or Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Process-Product Innovation”, “Systematic Methods and Tools for Managing the Complexity”, and “Educating Chemical and Biological Engineers for Coming Challenges” which define the extended abstracts arrangements along this book. A total of 516 extended abstracts are included in the book, consisting of 7 invited lecturers, 15 keynote, 105 short oral presentations given in 5 parallel sessions, along with 6 slots for viewing 389 poster presentations. Full papers are jointly included in the companion Proceedings in CD-ROM. All papers have been reviewed and we are grateful to the members of scientific and organizing committees for their evaluations. It was an intensive task since 610 submitted abstracts from 45 countries were received. It has been an honor for us to contribute to setting up CHEMPOR 2008 during almost two years. We wish to thank the authors who have contributed to yield a high scientific standard to the program. We are thankful to the sponsors who have contributed decisively to this event. We also extend our gratefulness to all those who, through their dedicated efforts, have assisted us in this task. On behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committees we wish you that together with an interesting reading, the scientific program and the social moments organized will be memorable for all.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Biohydrogen Production: A Protein to Community Level Perspective Study

Excessive usage of traditional energy reserves leading to increased environmental pollution and global warming have strongly urged for alternative sustainable energy sources. Due to non-polluting nature and high energy yields, hydrogen (H₂) gas is considered as an ideal candidate for alternative fuel. Biohydrogen (bioH₂) production from organic wastes is a sustainable approach, addressing energy production through organic waste disposal. Organic wastes such as lignocellulosic biomass and industrial glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel manufacturing process, have been recently investigated for their bioconversion potential. However, bioconversion of such organic wastes is a challenge due to the presence of impurities, toxic degradation products and complex nature. In comparison to pure bacterial strains, natural microflora could be an ideal inoculum choice offering better adaptability, substrate utilization efficiency and bioconversion rates. Another challenge to ensure efficient fermentation is to optimize various physico-chemical factors such as pH, temperature, substrate selection and concentration, medium compounds, and H₂ removal and collection due to individual and interactive effects on microbial growth, metabolism and hydrogenase enzyme. Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that reversibly catalyzes proton reduction to H₂, and are divided into three classes based on the metal cofactor at the active site, [Fe-Fe], [Ni-Fe] and [Fe] hydrogenase. Among the hydrogenase classes, [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases exhibit highest catalytic activity involving mostly in H₂ production. Apart from their pivotal role in fermentative H₂ production, [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases promise an alternative catalyst choice in fuel cells. However, in spite of their preference towards H₂ production, [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases are extremely prone to catalytic inactivation upon oxygen exposure. This is the major challenge, at the protein level, that hinders a cost-effective approach for biotechnological applications and suggests the requirement of targeted tools to investigate the inactivation process at the molecular level. The purpose of the present study was to investigate bioH₂ production in protein to community level perspective. More specifically the aims were to (1) establish an anaerobic biopanning procedure to enrich antibody binders specific against clostridial [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase protein, (2) develop and standardize a novel enrichment system, (3) implement the enrichment technique to enrich functional inoculum capable of degrading complex substrates, (4) enrich crude glycerol fermenting microbial community and finally, (5) optimize the physico-chemical factors influencing fermentative H₂ production for efficient bioprocess. In the present study, biopanning with synthetic ‘mixed’ single chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries against active and inactive clostridial [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases aided the enrichment of anti-hydrogenase antibodies. Out of ninety four (from inactive hydrogenase) and ninety two (from active hydrogenase) random clones screened, nine potential antibody clones with recognition specificity towards Clostridium acetobutylicum [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase were selected. The enriched binders also recognized [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase from C. butyricum. Based on the results from this study, it could be reasoned that the binders with generic specificity against closely related clostridial [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases can be used as novel molecular tools for quantitative monitoring [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases at the protein level. Another of-note observation was the specificity of the antibody binders towards active and inactive hydrogenases. Preliminary experiments indicated 7Ac binder (enriched against active hydrogenase) specificity towards the catalytically active [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase rather to the inactive state and 48In (enriched against inactive hydrogenase) recognized both catalytic states. These findings indicate the possibility to apply the isolated antibody clones for functional detection of clostridial [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases. The study progresses in investigating bioH₂ production in perspective of microbial community. The novel microbial enrichment system was developed and the proof-of-principle experiments conducted using artificial mixed microbial community and varied selection criteria allowed the enrichment of the best H₂ producer. The system was implemented in enriching cellobiose degrading H₂ producer from an environmental sample. The bacterial strain isolated by spread plate technique on agar plates containing CMC was affiliated with Citrobacter sp. and named as Citrobacter sp. CMC-1. Citrobacter sp. CMC-1 utilized glucose, cellobiose and CMC and followed mixed-acid fermentation profile producing H₂ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) as gaseous metabolites and acetate, formate, lactate and ethanol as liquid metabolites. At optimized values of cultivation conditions (pH 6.0 and 34 ˚C) the H₂ yield was 1.82 mol-H₂/mol-glucose. The isolate efficiently fermented monomeric hemi-cellulose sugars to H₂ (mol-H₂/mol-substrate): Galactose, 1.18; Mannose, 1.23; Xylose, 1.22; Arabinose, 0.94 and Rhamnose, 1.01). Except for arabinose, an increase in cultivation period improved the biomass and H₂ yield (mol-H₂/mol-substrate): Galactose, 1.68; Mannose, 1.93 and Xylose, 1.63) followed with observations of reduced formate accumulation in the medium, indicating that Citrobacter sp. CMC-1 produced H₂ from formate breakdown via the FHL complex. Microbial community pre-dominated with Clostridium spp. enriched from activated sludge fermented crude glycerol mainly to H₂, CO₂, acetate, butyrate and ethanol. Optimal bioprocess conditions for the enriched inoculum were experimentally observed to be pH 6.5, 40˚C and 1g/L crude glycerol. The H₂ yield from raw glycerol at optimal cultivation conditions was 1.1 mol-H₂/mol-glycerol consumed . At elevated crude glycerol concentrations, substrate utilization and H₂ production were limited due to the presence of impurities in the crude glycerol fraction. The bioconversion of crude glycerol to H₂ was further improved by statistical optimization of the growth medium composition. Initial screening with Plackett – Burman design identified NH₄Cl, K₂HPO and KH₂PO₄ with individual and interactive effects on H₂ yield. Among the three identified media components, NH₄Cl and KH₂PO₄ imparted the maximal significance and were optimized in scrutiny. A series of statistical models identified the optimal media composition for improved H₂ production from crude glycerol fermentations and were successful in improving the H₂ yield by 29% (1.42 mol-H₂/mol-glycerol consumed ) in comparison to previously reported value (1.1 mol-H₂/mol-glycerol consumed )