1,477 research outputs found
PBE-CC: Congestion Control via Endpoint-Centric, Physical-Layer Bandwidth Measurements
Wireless networks are becoming ever more sophisticated and overcrowded,
imposing the most delay, jitter, and throughput damage to end-to-end network
flows in today's internet. We therefore argue for fine-grained mobile
endpoint-based wireless measurements to inform a precise congestion control
algorithm through a well-defined API to the mobile's wireless physical layer.
Our proposed congestion control algorithm is based on Physical-Layer Bandwidth
measurements taken at the Endpoint (PBE-CC), and captures the latest 5G New
Radio innovations that increase wireless capacity, yet create abrupt rises and
falls in available wireless capacity that the PBE-CC sender can react to
precisely and very rapidly. We implement a proof-of-concept prototype of the
PBE measurement module on software-defined radios and the PBE sender and
receiver in C. An extensive performance evaluation compares PBE-CC head to head
against the leading cellular-aware and wireless-oblivious congestion control
protocols proposed in the research community and in deployment, in mobile and
static mobile scenarios, and over busy and quiet networks. Results show 6.3%
higher average throughput than BBR, while simultaneously reducing 95th
percentile delay by 1.8x
A Priority-based Fair Queuing (PFQ) Model for Wireless Healthcare System
Healthcare is a very active research area, primarily due to the increase in the elderly population that leads to increasing number of emergency situations that require urgent actions. In recent years some of wireless networked medical devices were equipped with different sensors to measure and report on vital signs of patient remotely. The most important sensors are Heart Beat Rate (ECG), Pressure and Glucose sensors. However, the strict requirements and real-time nature of medical applications dictate the extreme importance and need for appropriate Quality of Service (QoS), fast and accurate delivery of a patient’s measurements in reliable e-Health ecosystem.
As the elderly age and older adult population is increasing (65 years and above) due to the advancement in medicine and medical care in the last two decades; high QoS and reliable e-health ecosystem has become a major challenge in Healthcare especially for patients who require continuous monitoring and attention. Nevertheless, predictions have indicated that elderly population will be approximately 2 billion in developing countries by 2050 where availability of medical staff shall be unable to cope with this growth and emergency cases that need immediate intervention. On the other side, limitations in communication networks capacity, congestions and the humongous increase of devices, applications and IOT using the available communication networks add extra layer of challenges on E-health ecosystem such as time constraints, quality of measurements and signals reaching healthcare centres.
Hence this research has tackled the delay and jitter parameters in E-health M2M wireless communication and succeeded in reducing them in comparison to current available models. The novelty of this research has succeeded in developing a new Priority Queuing model ‘’Priority Based-Fair Queuing’’ (PFQ) where a new priority level and concept of ‘’Patient’s Health Record’’ (PHR) has been developed and
integrated with the Priority Parameters (PP) values of each sensor to add a second level of priority. The results and data analysis performed on the PFQ model under different scenarios simulating real M2M E-health environment have revealed that the PFQ has outperformed the results obtained from simulating the widely used current models such as First in First Out (FIFO) and Weight Fair Queuing (WFQ).
PFQ model has improved transmission of ECG sensor data by decreasing delay and jitter in emergency cases by 83.32% and 75.88% respectively in comparison to FIFO and 46.65% and 60.13% with respect to WFQ model. Similarly, in pressure sensor the improvements were 82.41% and 71.5% and 68.43% and 73.36% in comparison to FIFO and WFQ respectively. Data transmission were also improved in the Glucose sensor by 80.85% and 64.7% and 92.1% and 83.17% in comparison to FIFO and WFQ respectively. However, non-emergency cases data transmission using PFQ model was negatively impacted and scored higher rates than FIFO and WFQ since PFQ tends to give higher priority to emergency cases.
Thus, a derivative from the PFQ model has been developed to create a new version namely “Priority Based-Fair Queuing-Tolerated Delay” (PFQ-TD) to balance the data transmission between emergency and non-emergency cases where tolerated delay in emergency cases has been considered. PFQ-TD has succeeded in balancing fairly this issue and reducing the total average delay and jitter of emergency and non-emergency cases in all sensors and keep them within the acceptable allowable standards. PFQ-TD has improved the overall average delay and jitter in emergency and non-emergency cases among all sensors by 41% and 84% respectively in comparison to PFQ model
Localization of nodes in wired and wireless networks
This thesis focuses on the implementation of algorithms for localization of nodes in wired and wireless networks. The thesis is organized into two papers. The first paper presents the localization algorithms based on time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA) techniques for computer networks such as the Internet by using round-trip-time (RTT) measurements obtained from known positions of the gateway nodes. The RTT values provide an approximate measure of distance between the gateway nodes and an unknown node. The least squares technique is then used to obtain an estimated position of the unknown node. The second paper presents localization of an unknown node during route setup messages in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks using a new routing protocol. A proactive multi-interface multichannel routing (MMCR) protocol, recently developed at Missouri S&T, was implemented on the Missouri S&T motes. This protocol calculates link costs based on a composite metric defined using the available end-to-end delay, energy utilization, and bandwidth, and it chooses the path that minimizes the link cost factor to effectively route the information to the required destination. Experimental results indicate enhanced performance in terms of quality of service, and implementation of this protocol requires no modification to the current IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values are recorded from the relay nodes (gateway nodes) to the unknown node during route setup messages. The location of the unknown node is estimated using these values with some a priori profiling and the known positions of the relay nodes as inputs to the least squares technique --Abstract, page iv
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Design of rate-adaptive MAC and medium aware routing protocols for multi-rate, multi-hop wireless networks
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.The IEEE 802.11 standard conformant wireless communication stations have multi-rate transmission capability. To achieve greater communication efficiency, multi-rate capable stations use rateadaptation to select appropriate transmission rate according to variations in the channel quality. The
thesis presents two rate-adaptation schemes, each belonging to one of the two classes of rateadaptation schemes i.e.(1) the frame-transmission statistics based schemes, and (2) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) based, closed loop schemes. The SNR-based rate-adaptation scheme, proposed in this thesis uses a novel mechanism of delivering a receiver’s feedback to a transmitter; without requiring any modification in the standard frames as suggested by existing research. The frame-transmissionstatistics
based rate adaptation solution uses an on-demand incremental strategy for selecting a
rate-selection threshold. This solution is based on a cross-layer communication framework, where the rate-adaptation module uses information to/from the Application layer along with relevant information from the Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer. The proposed solutions are highly responsive when compared with existing rate-adaptation schemes; responsiveness is one of the key
factors in the design of such protocols. The novel feedback mechanism makes it possible to achieve frame-loss differentiation with just three frames, avoiding the use of Request To Send/ Clear To Send (RTS/CTS) frames and further delays in this process. Performance tests have affirmed that the
proposed rate-adaptation schemes are energy efficient; with efficiency up to 19% in specific test scenarios. In terms of throughput and frame loss-differentiation mechanisms, the proposed schemes have shown significantly better performance.Routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) use broadcast frames during the
route discovery process. The 802.11 mandates the use of different transmission rates for broadcast
and unicast (data-) frames. In many cases it causes creation of communication gray zones, where stations which are marked as ‘reachable neighbours’ using the broadcast frames (using lower transmission rate) are not accessible during normal, unicast communication (mainly at a higher
rate). Similarly, higher device density, interference and mobility cause variable medium access delays. The IEEE 802.11e introduces four different MAC level queues for four access categories, maintaining service priority within the queues; which implies that frames from a higher priority
queue are serviced more frequently than those belonging to lower priority queues. Such an enhancement at the MAC sub-layer introduces uneven queuing delays. Conventional routing protocols are unaware of such MAC specific constraints and as a result these factors are not considered which result in severe performance deterioration. To meet such challenges, the thesis presents a medium aware distance vector (MADV) routing protocol for MANETs. MADV uses MAC and physical layer (PHY) specific information in the route metric and maintains a separate route per-AC-per-destination in its routing tables. The MADV-metric can be incorporated into various routing rotocols and its applicability is determined by the possibility of provision of MAC dependent arameters that are used to determine the hop-by-hop MADV-metric values. Simulation tests and omparison with existing MANET protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating the medium dependent parameters and show that MADV is significantly better in terms of end-to-end
delay and throughput
Design and implementation of a traffic control framework in Firefox OS
Today's smartphones include a rich feature-set as well as various wireless interfaces
that provide extra services rather than just voice communication or messaging,
as it occurred with traditional mobile phones. Additionally, the widespread use of
mobile devices using Third Generation (3G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks
has led to the development of various applications (apps) that take advantage
of the always-on Internet connectivity provided by these networks (e.g. instant messaging
and social network services). Unlike traditional Internet apps (e.g. web surfing
and file transfer), the emerging apps that rely on always-on connectivity are often
constantly running in the background to receive messages and status updates. This
behavior causes that apps continuously generate short app signaling messages such
as keep-alive and ping requests to maintain the always-on connectivity.
Although the traffic volume of keep-alive messages is not large, frequent short
messages can incur a large amount of related signaling traffic in the mobile network.
In 3G or LTE networks, the User Equipment (UE) and the Radio Access Network
(RAN) keep the Radio Resource Control (RRC) states. The UE stays in Connected
mode when it transmits or receives data during active periods and stays in Idle mode
during inactive periods. To send even a small data packet, the UE changes the state
to the Connected mode prior to transmission. This radio state change generates a lot
of network signaling messages, resulting in a rapid increase in traffic loading. Large
amounts of network signaling traffic leads to two major problems: rapid drainage of
the mobile device's battery and a signaling traffic surge in the mobile network.
Since the air interface is a spare resource and the traffic for mobile end devices
will grow enormously, it is important that the wireless resources are used in the most
efficient way. However, this is not true for current networks as there is not alignment
between devices, apps and the network.This document proposes a traffic control framework which acts as an interface
between the apps and the network and allows the network operator to aggregate
packets prior to transmission. The aggregated packets are sent out at once after a
configurable amount of time which means for instance that resources on the wireless
link have to be reserved only once for a number of app signaling packets and not
for each packet separately. By this the packet transmission will be bursty which will
improve network efficiency as the amount of signaling messages is minimized. In
addition, battery runtime is improved as lower signaling overhead will reduce the
activity time and energy consumption within devices.Hoy en día los smartphones incorporan un amplio conjunto de utilidades, así
como varias interfaces inalámbricas que proporcionan servicios adicionales a los ofrecidos
por los teléfonos móviles convencionales. Por otra parte, el uso generalizado
de las redes 3G y LTE ha originado el desarrollo de numerosas aplicaciones que
aprovechan las ventajas que ofrecen dichas redes, un ejemplo son las aplicaciones
de redes sociales. Estas aplicaciones, a diferencia de otras como la navegación web
o la descarga de archivos, están constantemente ejecutándose en segundo plano y
recibiendo notificaciones de actualización de estado. Este comportamiento propicia
el intercambio de pequeños mensajes de señalización para mantener la conexión,
tales como mensajes "keep alive" o "ping requests".
A pesar de que el volumen de estos mensajes no es elevado, su constante intercambio
puede ocasionar una gran cantidad de tráfico de señalización en la red. En las
redes 3G o LTE, el equipo de usuario (UE) y la red de acceso radio terrestre (RAN)
mantienen los estados RRC. El equipo de usuario permanece en el estado activo
cuando transmite o recibe datos y retorna al estado de reposo durante los periodos
inactivos. El envío de un pequeño paquete de datos supone la transición desde el
estado de reposo al estado activo. Este comportamiento genera muchos mensajes de
señalización e implica un rápido incremento en el tráfico de la red. Este incremento
del tráfico de señalización ocasiona dos grandes problemas: la sobrecarga de la red
y un impacto negativo en el consumo de batería de los dispositivos móviles.
Es de vital importancia que se haga un uso eficiente de los recursos de red, ya
que el aire, en este caso el canal de comunicación, es un medio compartido. Además,
se espera que el tráfico generado por los dispositivos móviles crezca enormemente
en los próximos años. Las redes móviles actuales no son utilizadas de un modo
eficiente debido a la falta de interacción entre la red, los dispositivos móviles y las aplicaciones.
Este documento presenta una plataforma de control de tr a co que actúa como
interfaz entre las aplicaciones y la red, permitiendo al operador de red agregar los
paquetes antes de su transmisión. Esto permite, por ejemplo, que los recursos de
red sean reservados s olo una vez para la ráfaga de paquetes y no para cada paquete
individualmente, lo cual minimiza la cantidad de mensajes de señalización. Esta
propuesta no sólo ayuda a mejorar la eficiencia de la red, sino que además optimiza
el uso de la batería, ya que una disminución del tráfico de señalización provoca una
reducción del tiempo de actividad y consumo de energía de los dispositivos móviles.Ingeniería Telemátic
Controlo de acesso ao meio em comunicações veiculares de tempo-real
Despite several preventive measures, the number of roadway accidents is still very high, being considered even a problem of public health by some entities. This thesis has as global purpose of contributing to the reduction of that number of accidents, and consequent fatalities, by using safety-related applications that use communication among vehicles. In particular, the primary goal is guaranteeing that communication between users in vehicular environments is done with appropriate time bounds to transfer safety-critical information. In detail, it is studied how to manage the scheduling of message’s transmissions (medium access control - MAC), in order to define precisely who will communicate and when is the appropriate instant. The preferable situation where a communication infrastructure is present with full coverage (RSUs) is also studied, from which medium access control is defined precisely, and vehicles (OBUs) become aware of medium utilization. Also, sporadic situations (e.g., absence of RSUs) are studied in which the communication network is “ad hoc” and solely formed by the current vehicles. It is used the recently WAVE / IEEE 802.11p standard, specific for vehicular communications, and it is proposed a TDMA based solution, with appropriate coordination between RSUs in order to effectively disseminate a critical safety event. It is taken into account two different ways of choosing the instant for the initial broadcast, and both cases are compared. In case there is no infrastructure available, methods are derived to minimize communication medium access collisions, and to maximize the available bandwidth. The results reflect the total end-to-end delay, and show that adequate times are attained, and meet with the requisites for the type of applications being considered. Also, enhancements are obtained when using the alternate choice for the initial broadcast instant.Apesar de diversas medidas preventivas, o número de acidentes rodoviários continua a ser muito elevado, sendo mesmo considerado uma questão de saúde pública por algumas entidades. Esta tese tem como objetivo geral contribuir para a redução desse número de acidentes, e consequentes fatalidades, através da utilização de aplicações de segurança que envolvem comunicação entre veículos. Em particular, o objetivo principal é garantir que a comunicação entre utentes, em ambientes veiculares, seja efetuada com limites temporais apropriados à transferência de informações críticas. De forma mais detalhada, é estudada a gestão do escalonamento das transmissões (controlo de acesso ao meio – MAC) que irá definir quem vai comunicar e quando o pode fazer. São estudadas situações (desejadas) onde há uma infra-estrutura de comunicações com cobertura integral (RSUs), a partir da qual se faz a coordenação do acesso ao meio pelos veículos (OBUs), e situações (esporádicas, por ausência de RSU) em que a rede de comunicação é “ad hoc” e apenas constituída pelos veículos presentes. Utiliza-se a recente norma WAVE / IEEE 802.11p, específica para comunicações veiculares, e propõe-se uma solução baseada em TDMA, com coordenação apropriada entre RSUs para disseminação efetiva de um evento crítico de segurança. A escolha do instante para o broadcast inicial do evento de segurança também é tida em conta, e são comparados dois casos distintos. No caso da ausência de infraestrutura, derivam-se métodos para minimizar colisões no acesso ao meio de comunicação, e maximizar a largura de banda disponível. Os resultados refletem o atraso total end-to-end, mostrando tempos apropriados para os requisitos das aplicações em causa, e evidenciando melhorias aquando da escolha alternativa para o instante do broadcast inicial.Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Eletrotécnic
Supporting group mobility in mission-critical wireless networks for SIP-based applications
Diplomityössä tarkastellaan viiveherkkien SIP-sovellusten verkkoalueiden välistä ryhmäliikkuvuutta langattomissa, IEEE 802.11x -pohjaisissa IPv4/IPv6 verkkoympäristöissä. Nykyaikaisissa kriisinhallintatehtävissä reaaliaikaisen viestinnän merkitys on viime vuosina vahvasti korostunut. Tähän tarkoitukseen käytetyt viestintäjärjestelmät ovat olleet tavallisesti erittäin kalliita. Langattomien teknologioiden nopea kehitys on kuitenkin suunnannut mielenkiinnon edullisiin, kaupallisiin siviilipuolen valmisratkaisuihin.
Pitkät yhteydensiirtoviiveet ovat tärkeä ongelma reaaliaikaliikenteen yhteydensiirron kannalta. VoIP-pohjaisen puheliikenteen on todettu kestävän enimmillään suuruusluokkaa 100 ms olevia viiveaikoja palvelunlaadun ratkaisevasti kärsimättä. Linkkitason yhteydensiirron ohella duplikaattiosoitteiden tarkistuksella DHCP-osoitteenhaun aikana ja SIP-yhteyden uudelleenmuodostuksella on saumattoman yhteydensiirron kannalta olennainen merkitys.
Ryhmäliikkuvuus on saanut osakseen paljon huomiota ad hoc -verkkojen tutkimuksessa. Työssä tutkitaan mandollisesti saavutettavia hyötyjä, joita ryhmäliikkuvuusmalli pystyisi perinteiseen yhteydensiirtotapaan nähden tuomaan hierarkkisissa infrastruktuurisissa SIP-verkoissa.
Sovellustason liikkuvuutta ja signaloinnin tehokkuutta tarkastellaan kaistankäytön ja tietoturvallisuuden näkökulmasta. Kokeellisessa osiossa pyritään mallintamaan ryhmäyhteydensiirtoja yksinkertaisessa, simuloidussa ympäristössä. Päätelmien tueksi yhteydensiirtojen suorituskykyä arvioidaan lisäksi numeerisella analyysilla.This thesis studies the provision of group mobility during inter-domain hand-offs for delay-sensitive SIP applications over wireless IPv4/IPv6 network environment, based on the IEEE 802.11x platform. In contemporary disaster relief operations, the role of real-time communications has been strongly escalating over the recent years. The communication systems used for these ends have been conventionally very expensive. The rapid evolution of wireless technologies has brought the focus of interest to the affordable Common-Off-the-Shelf civilian applications.
Long latencies during hand-offs for real-time traffic are a very important problem. As the studies have pointed out, the VoIP-based voice traffic can withstand maximum approximate disruption times of 100 ms, without too high degradation in the quality of service. Along with the link-layer hand-off, the duplicate address detection procedure during DHCP address acquisition and the SIP connection re-establishment both have a major impact on the hand-off latency.
The group mobility has gained high attention in the research of ad-hoc networks. The work studies the benefits that this scheme could possibly bring over the conventional hand-offs in hierarchical infrastructured SIP networks.
Different approaches to application-level mobility and the signaling efficiency are examined from the viewpoint of bandwidth usage and network security. In the experimental part, group hand-offs are modeled in a simple, simulated environment. In addition, a numerical analysis is used to assess the hand-off performance to support the made conclusions
Optimisation of Mobile Communication Networks - OMCO NET
The mini conference “Optimisation of Mobile Communication Networks” focuses on advanced methods for search and optimisation applied to wireless communication networks. It is sponsored by Research & Enterprise Fund Southampton Solent University.
The conference strives to widen knowledge on advanced search methods capable of optimisation of wireless communications networks. The aim is to provide a forum for exchange of recent knowledge, new ideas and trends in this progressive and challenging area. The conference will popularise new successful approaches on resolving hard tasks such as minimisation of transmit power, cooperative and optimal routing
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