Truthfulness and Gricean Cooperation

This paper examines the Gricean view that quality maxims take priority over other conversational maxims. It is shown that Gricean conversational implicatures are routinely inferred from utterances that are recognized to be untruthful. It is argued that this observation falsifies Grice’s original claim that hearers assume that speakers are obeying other maxims only if the speaker is assumed to be obeying quality maxims, and furthermore the related claim that hearers assume that speakers are being cooperative only to the extent that they assume they are being truthful

Rhetorical Strategies in flouting Grice’s Maxims as Found in “Pygmalion”.

Communication is an separable part of human life because people need to express their ideas, feeling ,and thought to one another. Ideally in a communication, the speaker should fulfill the requirements of the message being informative, clear, and relevant to achieve successful conversation. Moreover Grice identified the conversational cooperation into cooperative principles that cover four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Cooperative principles are principles of cooperation in any utterance or conversation which have to be obeyed and fulfilled by the speakers to achieve an effective communication. However, in a real conversation, there is a tendency that the speaker does not follow the cooperative principles. The reason is that the speaker has certain goals or certain reasons such as for the sake of politeness, time efficiency, persuasion, and the like. Borrowing Grice’s term, the speaker flouts Grice’s maxims. The maxims are flouted usually by means of indirect, and contradictory utterances, of figures of speech such as irony, metaphor, understatement or litotes, hyperbole or overstatement, rhetorical question, and tautology. These kinds of communication strategy are called rhetorical strategies. The use of rhetorical strategies in flouting conversational maxims in this study is represented by the main characters’ utterances of Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion. There are three main characters in the drama, namely (1) Professor Higgins, (2) Eliza Doolittle, and (3) Alfred Doolittle. The general research problem to be answered is “What type of rhetorical strategies are used by the main characters in flouting Grice’s maxims as found in Pygmalion?” This general question is specifically formulated as follows: (1) What type of rhetorical strategy is the most frequently used?, (2) What maxim is the most dominantly flouted? To answer the research problem, the writer uses qualitative-content analysis. The source of data of this study is a play entitled Pygmalion, while the data are the main characters’ utterances on the basis of the research problems. The key instrument of this study is the researcher herself. To analyze and finally get the research findings, the writer uses Mile’s and Huberman’s data analysis and triangulation to avoid the subjectivity of the result. On the basis of the data analysis, it is found that three main characters flout the maxims of conversation by means of rhetorical strategies which involve tautology, metaphor, overstatement, understatement, rhetorical questions, and irony. Meanwhile, they flout Grice’s maxims as expressed in their utterances. The maxims flouted are in the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, and the maxim of manner

Violated Maxim in Oz: the Great and Powerful Movie

The objectives of this research were discovered the kinds of maxims and the dominant maxim; to explain the implication of the dominant maxim and to describe the context of situation in OZ: the Great and Powerful Movie. This research was done on OZ\u27s utterances because he is the only main character. There were 38 of violated maxims gathered as the data for this research. The descriptive qualitative design was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis showed that all kinds of maxims were violated: 18 utterances violated maxim of quantity (48%), 2 utterances violated maxim of qualiy (6%), 12 utterances violated maxim of relation (13%), and 6 utterances violated maxim of manner (13). The maxim of quantity is the dominant kind of maxims that was violated by OZ. The implication of this violated maxim is the main character has worried about his life story and he try to covered his truthfull and tricky. The context of situation of this violated maxim is the main character who cannot hide his true story from his friend

Bayesian Thought in Early Modern Detective Stories: Monsieur Lecoq, C. Auguste Dupin and Sherlock Holmes

This paper reviews the maxims used by three early modern fictional detectives: Monsieur Lecoq, C. Auguste Dupin and Sherlock Holmes. It find similarities between these maxims and Bayesian thought. Poe's Dupin uses ideas very similar to Bayesian game theory. Sherlock Holmes' statements also show thought patterns justifiable in Bayesian terms.Comment: Published in the Statistical Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Violation of Conversational Maxims in the Avengers Movie

The study deals with the types of maxims violation in The Avengers movie'sscript. The objectives of the study were to discover the types of maxims violation,the most dominant maxim violation, and to explain the implication of the mostdominant maxim violation in The Avengers movie. The source of the data was theconversations in The Avengers movie. The data was the script of The Avengersmovie. There were 55 maxim violations in this research. The descriptivequalitative design was used to analyze the data. Descriptive qualitative research isa research method which describes the condition, events or situations. This studywas conducted by using descriptive qualitative method because the intention ofthis study was to describe how the maxims are violated. The results showed thatall types of maxim were violated; 39 utterances (70.90%) maxim violation ofrelation, 8 utterances (14.54%) maxim violation of quality, 5 utterances (9.09 %)maxim violation of quantity, 3 utterances (5.45%) maxim violation of manner.The most dominant type of maxim violation was the maxim violation of relation.The implication of maxim violation of relation as the dominant type of maxims inthe script of The Avengers movie was a strategy from the speakers to hidesomething, to hide the truth, and to create humor by giving irrelevant answer orchanging the topic

PRINSIP KERJA SAMA DALAM KOMENTAR BERITA DI FANSPAGE FACEBOOK MERDEKA.COM

This article discusses cooperative principle in the Fanspage Facebook comments of online news Merdeka.com. Data in form of utterances were collected from Fanspage Facebook Merdeka.com with politic rubric 23 rd September 2016. The result of this research shows that the compliance of cooperative principle maxims more than those who violate the maxims. There are 4 kinds of maxims compliance; (1) compliance of 1 maxim, (2) compliance of 2 maxims, (3) compliance of 3 maxims and (4) compliance of 4 maxims. The dominant number of compliance is compliance of 2 maxims (relevance and manner). For maxim violations are (1) violation of 1 maxim, (2) violation of 2 maxims and (3) violation of 3 maxims. The dominant number of violation is violation of 1 maxim (quantity maxim)

Violating Maxims in Presidential Debate Between President Obama and Republican Nominee Mitt Romney

The study deals with the types of maxims violation in Presidential Debate between President Obama and Republican Nominee Mitt Romney on October 3, 2012. The objectives of study are to describe the violated maxim, to derive the dominant violated maxim and to reason for the use of dominant violated maxims in presidential debate. The data is the transcript of the presidential debate and taken from the internet. This research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. It is found that there are 65 utterances violated by the candidates. The results of data analysis show the total numbers are: maxim violation of quantity (67.69%), quality (23.07%), relevance (6.16%), and manner (3.08%). The most dominant type of maxim violation is quantity because the candidates give the information as much as possible to clear up and ensure the listener(s) that one of them is the best choice to be the next American president. Keyword : Gricean Maxims, cooperative principle, violating maxim

The role of rules: legal maxims in early-modern common law principle and practice

This chapter investigates the early-modern theories of maxims in the common law and then compares these to how maxims were used in practice. It focuses on three features of maxims: incontrovertibility; their content and scope; the relationship between maxims and equity. It considers why the theory and practice of maxims differed and why maxims were so prominent in theoretical discussions of the law, but not in practice

Descriptive Analysis on Flouting and Hedging of Conversational Maxims in the “Post Grad” Movie

This research is focused on analyzing flouting and hedging of conversational maxim of utterances used by the main characters in “Post Grad” movie. Conversational maxims are the rules of cooperative principle categorized into four categories; Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Relevance, and Maxim of Manner. If these maxims are used in conversations, the conversations can go smoothly. However, people often break the maxims overtly (flouting maxim) and sometimes break the maxims secretly (hedging maxims) when they make a conversation. This research is conducted using descriptive qualitative method based on the theory known as Grice's Maxims. The data are in form of utterances used by the characters in “Post Grad” movie. The data analysis reveals some finding covering the formulated research question. The maxims are flouted when the speaker breaks some conversational maxims when using the utterances in the form of rhetorical strategies, such as tautology, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, and rhetorical question. On the other hand, conversational maxims are also hedged when the information is not totally accurate or unclearly stated but seems informative, well-founded, and relevant