14,441 research outputs found
Collaborative design : managing task interdependencies and multiple perspectives
This paper focuses on two characteristics of collaborative design with
respect to cooperative work: the importance of work interdependencies linked to
the nature of design problems; and the fundamental function of design
cooperative work arrangement which is the confrontation and combination of
perspectives. These two intrinsic characteristics of the design work stress
specific cooperative processes: coordination processes in order to manage task
interdependencies, establishment of common ground and negotiation mechanisms in
order to manage the integration of multiple perspectives in design
Embryo futures and stem cell research: The management of informed uncertainty
This article is available open access and is distributed under a Creative Commons license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Copyright @ 2011 The Authors.In the social worlds of assisted conception and stem cell science, uncertainties proliferate and particular framings of the future may be highly strategic. In this article we explore meanings and articulations of the future using data from our study of ethical and social issues implicated by the donation of embryos to human embryonic stem cell research in three linked assisted conception units and stem cell laboratories in the UK. Framings of the future in this field inform the professional management of uncertainty and we explore some of the tensions this involves in practice. The bifurcation of choices for donating embryos into accepting informed uncertainty or not donating at all was identified through the research process of interviews and ethics discussion groups. Professional staff accounts in this study contained moral orientations that valued ideas such as engendering patient trust by offering full information, the sense of collective ownership of the National Heath Service and publicly funded science and ideas for how donors might be able to give restricted consent as a third option.The Wellcome Trus
Personalized Temporal Medical Alert System
International audienceThe continuous increasing needs in telemedicine and healthcare, accentuate the need of well-adapted medical alert systems. Such alert systems may be used by a variety of patients and medical actors, and should allow monitoring a wide range of medical variables. This paper proposes Tempas, a personalized temporal alert system. It facilitates customized alert configuration by using linguistic trends. The trend detection algorithm is based on data normalization, time series segmentation, and segment classification. It improves state of the art by treating irregular and regular time series in an appropriate way, thanks to the introduction of an observation variable valid time. Alert detection is enriched with quality and applicability measures. They allow a personalized tuning of the system to help reducing false negatives and false positives alert
Unknotting the Heart: Unemployment and Therapeutic Governance
[Excerpt] Since the mid-1990s, as China has downsized and privatized its state-owned enterprises, severe unemployment has created a new class of urban poor and widespread social and psychological disorders. In Unknotting the Heart, Jie Yang examines this understudied group of workers and their experiences of being laid off, counseled, and then reoriented to the market economy. Using fieldwork from reemployment programs, community psychosocial work, and psychotherapy training sessions in Beijing between 2002 and 2013, Yang highlights the role of psychology in state-led interventions to alleviate the effects of mass unemployment. She pays particular attention to those programs that train laid-off workers in basic psychology and then reemploy them as informal âcounselorsâ in their capacity as housemaids and taxi drivers.
These laid-off workers are filling a niche market created by both economic restructuring and the shortage of professional counselors in China, helping the government to defuse intensified class tension and present itself as a nurturing and kindly power. In reality, Yang argues, this process creates both new political complicity and new conflicts, often along gender lines. Women are forced to use the moral virtues and work ethics valued under the former socialist system, as well as their experiences of overcoming depression and suffering, as resources for their new psychological care work. Yang focuses on how the emotions, potentials, and âheartsâ of these women have become sites of regulation, market expansion, and political imagination
Curating Complexities in Art, Science, and Medicine: Art, Science, and Technology Studies (ASTS) in Public Practice
What does art have to lend to Science and Technology Studies (STS)? Might we see art and its display in museums and galleries as a method of performing STS âby material meansâ? And what roles might STS scholars play in art-science collaborations? Drawing on our experiences with collaborations at the intersections of contemporary art and biology, we explore the similarities and overlapping practices of these knowledge communities and make a series of observations about the potential of the area of Art, Science, and Technology Studies (ASTS) to refigure and complicate the art-science landscape. Our analysis emphasizes the museum as a material public forum and curation as a form of knowing, histories of art and science, and examples of scholarly facilitation and intervention in art-science. We examine emerging patterns in ASTS scholarship and emerging roles for STS scholars as facilitators, participant-observers, curators, and collaborators, particularly in art-science institutions and newly emerging STS and art contexts in Denmark, and specifically, the Medical Museion. Our analysis reveals the persistent third leg of curation, cultural history, or STS as party to collaborations between artists and scientists
Emergent techno-environmental phenomena
Environmental problems, and human attempts to manage them, can be conceptualised
as evolutionary complex systems, involving interlinked processes of physical,
knowledge, technological, institutional, perceptual and behavioural change. Issues
such as traffic pollution and asthma may be viewed as emergent systems, embedded
within overlapping hierarchical systems.
A distinction may be made beween changes in physical systems (âphysical
emergenceâ), changes in human knowledge about those systems (âknowledge
emergenceâ) and changes in human perceptions (âperceptual emergenceâ). While
processes of physical and knowledge emergence are important, it is through
perceptual emergence that a phenomenon comes to be regarded as a âproblemâ or
âissueâ, potentially leading to changes in policy, institutional arrangements or
behaviour.
Physical changes may have impacts on human beings, which may be measurable and
predictable in the mass. However, the outcome of such an impact, from the point of
view of a particular individual, is mediated by that individualâs perception, which is
dictated by his or her personal experience, understanding and interests (âappreciative
systemâ). These perceptions in turn will determine the individualâs behaviour, which
may feed back into the collective appreciative system, policy system, and the base
physical system.
The distinction between policy based on measurement and control of impacts and
individual perceptions and behaviour dependent on outcomes leads to incongruity
between the âinstitutionalâ and âindividualâ views of an issue.
The thesis investigates this incongruity in the case of the âtraffic pollution and
asthmaâ emergent system. The perceptions of âinstitutionalâ and âindividualâ actors
involved in the system were elicited by means of unstructured and semi-structured
interviews, and analysed in terms of a number of key concepts (perceptions of
measurement, risk and spatiality) across a number of dimensions (different actors in
the same location, the same hierarchical position in different locations, and between a
specific institution and individuals).
The empirical investigation demonstrates differences between multiple institutions
managing different aspects of the problem and a lack of understanding and
communication between institutions and individuals, despite the fact that an
expressed aim of policy in this area is directed at communicating with individuals
with the intention of changing individual behaviour
Biosocial Worlds
Biosocial Worlds presents state-of-the-art contributions to anthropological reflections on the porous boundaries between human and non-human life â biosocial worlds. Based on changing understandings of biology and the social, it explores what it means to be human in these worlds. Growing separation of scientific disciplines for more than a century has maintained a separation of the ânaturalâ and the âsocialâ that has created a space for projections between the two. Such projections carry a directional causality and so constitute powerful means to establish discursive authority. While arguing against the separation of the biological and the social in the study of human and non-human life, it remains important to unfold the consequences of their discursive separation. Based on examples from Botswana, Denmark, Mexico, the Netherlands, Uganda, the UK and USA, the volume explores what has been created in the space between âthe socialâ and âthe naturalâ, with a view to rethink âthe biosocialâ. Health topics in the book include diabetes, trauma, cancer, HIV, tuberculosis, prevention of neonatal disease and wider issues of epigenetics. Many of the chapters engage with constructions of health and disease in a wide range of environments, and engage with analysis of the concept of âenvironmentâ. Anthropological reflection and ethnographic case studies explore how âhealthâ and âenvironmentâ are entangled in ways that move their relation beyond interdependence to one of inseparability. The subtitle of this volume captures these insights through the concept of âhealth environmentâ, seeking to move the engagement of anthropology and biology beyond deterministic projections. ; Biosocial Worlds brings together state-of-the-art contributions to critical anthropological reflection on, and ethnographic exploration of, human and non-human life in the light of our changing understandings of biology and what it means to be human
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