Localization for capsule endoscopy at UWB frequencies using an experimental multilayer phantom

[EN] Localization inside the human body using ultrawideband (UWB) wireless technology is gaining importance in several medical applications such as capsule endoscopy. Performance analysis of RF based localization techniques are mainly conducted through simulations using numerical human models or through experimental measurements using homogeneous phantoms. One of the most common implemented RF localization approaches uses the received signal strength (RSS). However, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental measurements employing multilayer phantoms are currently available in literature. This paper investigates the performance of RSS-based technique for two-dimensional (2D) localization by employing a two-layer experimental phantom-based setup. Preliminary results on the estimation of the in-body antenna coordinates show that RSS-based method can achieve a location accuracy on average of 0.5-1 cm within a certain range of distances between in-body and on-body antenna.This work was supported by the European Union’s H2020:MSCA:ITN program for the ”Wireless In-body Environment Communication- WiBEC” project under the grant agreement no. 675353. This work was also funded by the Programa de Ayudas de Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID-01-16) from Universitat Politècnica de València and by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (TEC2014-60258-C2-1-R), by the European FEDER funds.Barbi, M.; Pérez Simbor, S.; García Pardo, C.; Andreu Estellés, C.; Cardona Marcet, N. (2018). Localization for capsule endoscopy at UWB frequencies using an experimental multilayer phantom. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNCW.2018.8369015

Improved reception of in-body signals by means of a wearable multi-antenna system

High data-rate wireless communication for in-body human implants is mainly performed in the 402-405 MHz Medical Implant Communication System band and the 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. The latter band offers larger bandwidth, enabling high-resolution live video transmission. Although in-body signal attenuation is larger, at least 29 dB more power may be transmitted in this band and the antenna efficiency for compact antennas at 2.45 GHz is also up to 10 times higher. Moreover, at the receive side, one can exploit the large surface provided by a garment by deploying multiple compact highly efficient wearable antennas, capturing the signals transmitted by the implant directly at the body surface, yielding stronger signals and reducing interference. In this paper, we implement a reliable 3.5 Mbps wearable textile multi-antenna system suitable for integration into a jacket worn by a patient, and evaluate its potential to improve the In-to-Out Body wireless link reliability by means of spatial receive diversity in a standardized measurement setup. We derive the optimal distribution and the minimum number of on-body antennas required to ensure signal levels that are large enough for real-time wireless endoscopy-capsule applications, at varying positions and orientations of the implant in the human body

Technology of swallowable capsule for medical applications

Medical technology has undergone major breakthroughs in recent years, especially in the area of the examination tools for diagnostic purposes. This paper reviews the swallowable capsule technology in the examination of the gastrointestinal system for various diseases. The wireless camera pill has created a more advanced method than many traditional examination methods for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroscopy by the use of an endoscope. After years of great innovation, commercial swallowable pills have been produced and applied in clinical practice. These smart pills can cover the examination of the gastrointestinal system and not only provide to the physicians a lot more useful data that is not available from the traditional methods, but also eliminates the use of the painful endoscopy procedure. In this paper, the key state-of-the-art technologies in the existing Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) systems are fully reported and the recent research progresses related to these technologies are reviewed. The paper ends by further discussion on the current technical bottlenecks and future research in this area

Impact of Receivers Location on the Accuracy of Capsule Endoscope Localization

[EN] In recent years, localization for capsule endoscopy applications using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology has become an attractive field of study due to its potential benefits for patients. Performance analysis of RF-based localization techniques are very limited in literature. Most of the available studies rely on software simulations using digital human models. Nonetheless, no realistic studies based on in-vivo measurements has been reported yet. This paper investigates the performance of RSS-based technique for three-dimensional (3D) localization in the UWB frequency band. Impact of receivers selection as well as of the evaluated path loss model on the localization accuracy is investigated. Results obtained through CST-based simulations and from recently conducted in-vivo measurements are presented and compared.This work was supported by the European Union's H2020:MSCA:ITN program for the "Wireless In-body Environment Communication- WiBEC" project under the grant agreement no. 675353. This work was also funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain (TEC2014-60258-C2-1-R), by the European FEDER funds.Barbi, M.; Garcia-Pardo, C.; Cardona Marcet, N.; Andrea Nevárez; Vicente Pons Beltrán; Frasson, M. (2018). Impact of Receivers Location on the Accuracy of Capsule Endoscope Localization. IEEE. 340-344. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2018.8580862S34034

UWB Path Loss Models for Ingestible Devices

[EN] Currently, some medical devices such as the Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) are used for data transmission from inside to outside the body. Nevertheless, for certain applications such as WCE, the data rates offered by current medical frequency bands can result insufficient. Ultra Wideband (UWB) frequency band has become an interesting solution for this. However, to date, there is not a formal channel path loss model for the UWB frequency band in the gastrointestinal (GI) scenario due to the huge differences between the proposed studies. There are three main methodologies to characterize the propagation channel, software simulations and experimental measurements either in phantom or in in vivo animals. Previous works do not compare all the methodologies or present some disagreements with the literature. In this paper, a dedicated study of the path loss using the three methodologies aforementioned (simulations, phantoms and in vivo measurements) and a comparison with previous researches in the literature is performed. Moreover, numerical values for a path loss model which agrees with the three methodologies and the literature are proposed. This paper aims at being the starting point for a formal path loss model in the UWB frequency band for WBANs in the GI scenarioThis work was supported in part by the European Union's H2020-MSCA-ITN Program for the "Wireless In-body Environment Communication" Project under Grant 675353, in part by the Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-16) from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, and in part by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain under Grant TEC2014-60258-C2-1-R through the European FEDER Funds.Pérez-Simbor, S.; Andreu-Estellés, C.; Garcia-Pardo, C.; Frasson, M.; Cardona Marcet, N. (2019). UWB Path Loss Models for Ingestible Devices. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 67(8):5025-5034. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2891717S5025503467

UWB radio channel and diversity characterization for wireless implanted devices

Las redes de área corporal permiten la interconexión de nodos independientes situados dentro o fuera de la superficie corporal o, incluso, alejados de dicha superficie. En cuanto a las comunicaciones intracorporales, el establecimiento de un enlace robusto con una cápsula endoscópica o con un marcapasos, son ejemplos de los avances tecnológicos conseguidos en las últimas décadas. A pesar de estos desarrollos en asistencia sanitaria, los estándares actuales para este tipo de comunicaciones no permiten conexiones inalámbricas de alta velocidad de transmisión, las cuales son comunes en los servicios actuales de telecomunicaciones. Los sistemas UWB han surgido como potencial candidato para las futuras redes de comunicaciones inalámbricas intracorporales. No obstante, el principal obstáculo de la tecnología UWB para aplicaciones intracorporales es la alta atenuación que sufren las señales transmitidas al atravesar los distintos tejidos corporales, que aumenta drásticamente con el aumento de la frecuencia. Por tanto, es importante una caracterización precisa del canal UWB intracorporal a la hora de validar dicha banda como la adecuada para este propósito.Esta tesis se centra en el análisis de la tecnología UWB para posibilitar comunicaciones intracorporales inalámbricas desde un punto de vista experimental. Para conseguir este objetivo, se ha empleado un novedoso sistema de medidas experimental basado en fantomas en diversos escenarios de propagación intracorporal. De esta forma, se pueden comprobar las pérdidas de propagación en el medio así como la diversidad del canal de una forma fiable. Con el fin de validar los valores obtenidos en el laboratorio, se han comparado y analizado con los obtenidos en un experimento in vivo. Por otro lado, se han diseñado y fabricado nuevas antenas UWB candidatas para comunicaciones intracorporales, empleando técnicas existentes y nuevas de miniaturización y optimización. Finalmente, se han usado técnicas basadas en diversidad para mejorar el rendimiento del canal de propagación en dos escenarios intracorporales diferentes.Wireless Body Area Networks allow the interconnection between independent nodes located either inside or over the body skin or further. Regarding in-body communications, establishing a proper link with a capsule endoscope or with a pacemaker are examples of technological advances achieved in the last decades. In spite of these healthcare developments, current standards for these kind of communications do not allow high data rate wireless connections, which are common in the current telecommunication services. UWB systems have emerged as a potential solution for future wireless in-body communications. Nevertheless, the main drawback of UWB for in-body applications is the high attenuation of human body tissues which increases dramatically with the increment of frequency. Hence, an accurate UWB in-body channel characterization is relevant in order validate UWB frequency band as the best candidate for future networks of implantable nodes. This thesis is devoted to test UWB technology for in-body communications from an experimental point of view. To achieve this goal, a novel spatial phantom-based measurement setup is used in several in-body propagation scenarios. Thus, the losses in the propagation medium and the channel diversity are checked in a reliable way. In order to check the values obtained in laboratory, they are compared and discussed with those obtained in an in vivo experiment. On the other hand, new UWB antenna candidates for inbody communications are designed and manufactured by using typical and new miniaturization and antenna optimization techniques for this purpose. Finally, diversity-based techniques are used to improve the performance of the propagation channel in two different in-body scenarios.Les xarxes d'àrea corporal permeten la interconnexió de nodes independents situats, o bé dins, o bé sobre la pell, o inclús allunyats del propi cos. Pel que fa a les comunicacions intracorporals, l'establiment d'un bon enllaç amb una càpsula endoscòpica o amb un marcapassos, són exemples dels avanços tecnològics aconseguits les darreres dècades. A pesar d'aquests desenvolupaments en assistència sanitària, els estàndards actuals per a aquests tipus de comunicacions no permeten connexions sense fil d'alta velocitat de transmissió, que són habituals als serveis actuals de telecomunicacions. Els sistemes UWB han sorgit com una solució potencial per a les futures comunicacions sense fill intracorporals. No obstant, el principal obstacle de la tecnologia UWB per a les aplicacions intracorporals és l'alta atenuació dels teixits del cos humà, que augmenta dràsticament amb l'increment de freqüència. Per tant, és important una caracterització acurada del canal UWB intracorporal a l'hora de validar la banda de freqüència UWB com a la millor candidata per a les futures xarxes de nodes implantats.Aquesta tesi se centra en l'anàlisi de la tecnologia UWB per a comunicacions intracorporals des d'un punt de vista experimental. Per a aconseguir aquest objectiu s'ha emprat un sistema novedós de mesures experimentals, basat en fantomes, en diversos escenaris de propagació intracorporal. D'aquesta manera es poden comprovar les pèrdues de propagació en el medi i la diversitat del canal d'una forma fiable. Per tal d'avaluar els valors obtinguts al laboratori, s'han comparat i analitzat amb aquells obtinguts en un experiment in vivo. Per altra banda, s'han dissenyat i fabricat noves antenes UWB candidates per a comunicacions intracorporals emprant tècniques típiques i noves de miniaturització i optimització d'antenes per a aquest propòsit. Finalment s'han usat tècniques basades en diversitat per a millorar el rendiment del canal de propagació en dos escenaris intracorporals diferents.Andreu Estellés, C. (2018). UWB radio channel and diversity characterization for wireless implanted devices [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/111836TESI

In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area

[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables. Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables.[CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables. S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de dades. Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables.[EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices. Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated. The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices.Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034TESI

Localization and Tracking of Intestinal Paths for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a non-invasive technology used for visual inspection of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Localization of the capsule is a vital component of the system, as this enables physicians to identify the position of abnormalities. Several approaches exist that use the received signal strength (RSS) of the radio frequency (RF) signals for localization. However, few of these utilize the sparseness of the signals. Due to intestinal motility, the capsule positions will change with time. The distance travelled by the capsule in the intestine, however, remains more or less constant with time. In this thesis, a compressive sensing (CS) based localization algorithm is presented, that utilize signal sparsity in the RSS measurements. Different L1-minimization algorithms are used to find the sparse location vector. The performance is evaluated by electromagnetic (EM) simulations performed on a human voxel model, using narrow-band (NB) and ultra wide-band (UWB) signals. From intestinal positions, the distance the capsule has travelled is estimated by use of Kalman- and particle filters. It was found that localization accuracy of a few millimeters is possible under ideal conditions, when the RSS measurements are generated from a path loss model. When using path loss data from the EM simulations, localization accuracy on the order of 20-30 mm was achievable for NB signals. Use of UWB signals resulted in localization errors between 35-60 mm, depending on frequency range and bandwidth. From generated intestinal positions, the travelled distance was estimated with a minimum accuracy of a few millimeters, when using a VNL Kalman filter and moderate amounts of observation noise. The results are found from a limited amount of data. In order to increase the confidence in the presented results, the performance of the localization algorithm and the filters should be evaluated with a larger number of datasets

UWB RSS-based Localization for Capsule Endoscopy using a Multilayer Phantom and In Vivo Measurements

[EN] In recent years, the localization for capsule endoscopy applications using ultrawideband (UWB) technology has become an attractive field of investigation due to its potential benefits for patients. The literature concerning performance analysis of radio frequency-based localization techniques for in-body applications at UWB frequencies is very limited. Available studies mainly rely on finite-difference time-domain simulations, using digital human models and on experimental measurements by means of homogeneous phantoms. Nevertheless, no realistic analysis based on multilayer phantom measurements or through in vivo experiment has been reported yet. This paper investigates the performance of the received signal strength-based approach for 2-D and 3-D localizations in the UWB frequency band. For 2-D localization, experimental laboratory measurements using a two-layer phantom-based setup have been conducted. For 3-D localization, data from a recently conducted in vivo experiment have been used. Localization accuracy using path loss models, under ideal and non-ideal channel estimation assumptions, is compared. Results show that, under nonideal channel assumption, the relative localization error slightly increases for the 2-D case but not for the in vivo 3-D case. Impact of receivers selection on the localization accuracy has also been investigated for both 2-D and 3-D cases.This work was supported in part by the European Union's H2020 through the MSCA: ITN Program "Wireless in-Body Environment Communication-WiBEC" under Grant 675353, in part by the Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia under Grant PAID-01-16, and in part by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain, through the European FEDER Funds under Grant TEC2014-60258-C2-1-R.Barbi, M.; Garcia-Pardo, C.; Nevárez, A.; Pons Beltrán, V.; Cardona Marcet, N. (2019). UWB RSS-based Localization for Capsule Endoscopy using a Multilayer Phantom and In Vivo Measurements. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 67(8):5035-5043. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2916629S5035504367