Linking discrete orthogonality with dilation and translation for incomplete sigma-pi neural networks of Hopfield-type

AbstractIn this paper, we show how to extend well-known discrete orthogonality results for complete sigma-pi neural networks on bipolar coded information in presence of dilation and translation of the signals. The approach leads to a whole family of functions being able to implement any given Boolean function. Unfortunately, the complexity of such complete higher order neural network realizations increases exponentially with the dimension of the signal space. Therefore, in practise one often only considers incomplete situations accepting that not all but hopefully the most relevant information or Boolean functions can be realized. At this point, the introduced dilation and translation parameters play an essential rôle because they can be tuned appropriately in order to fit the concrete representation problem as best as possible without any significant increase of complexity. In detail, we explain our approach in context of Hopfield-type neural networks including the presentation of a new learning algorithm for such generalized networks

Application of artificial neural networks and the wavelet transform for pattern recognition, noise reduction and data compression.

Theory of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) could not provide an exact method of weights training. The training is done mostly by iterative trial and error minimisation methods which do not enable the ANNs for time incremental learning. In this thesis, it is shown that the weights successfully produced by an error minimisation method are nothing more than the scaled versions of their respective components of the sample pattern and that the training methods leaves a chance for a neuron to be deceived. An exact method of weight construction is developed in the form of a system of linear equations. A new linear classifier ANN and a number of thresholding procedures are developed. It is proved that the Hopfield network and the Boltzmann machine do not qualify as the reasonable networks. A generalised multiclass linear classifier ANN is developed which is a combination of a newly developed multiclass linear ANN and a newly developed multiclass XOR classifier ANN. A biological neuromuscular system is interpreted as a multiclass linear classifier ANN. A new technique for pattern recognition. especially for images, has been presented with a software check. The technique minimises the design topology of ANNs and enables them to classify a scaled, a mirror image, and a noisy version of the sample pattern. The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Transform, and the Wavelet Decomposition has been connected by developing an extend-able and intensifyable system of particular six Gaussian wavelets. A binary transform applicable for every real function is developed. The confusing automatic nature of the CWT is explained along with presenting a new style of defining wavelets. Application of the wavelet transforms for noise reduction and data compression/expansion is explained and their performance is checked through the self developed software. A modification in the CWT is made in order to make their application easier through ANNs. The ANNs are developed and their performance is checked against the self developed software. A new multiresolution zoom-out wavelet transform is developed which expands data without smoothing it. A new wavelet is deduced from the smoothing average filter. Some twodimensional wavelets for noise reduction and data compression/expansion are developed on the same style and their performance is checked through the self developed software. An ANN for CWT using a newly developed two-dimensional wavelet is developed and its activation is explained. Data compression by locating peaks and bottoms of data and setting other elements equals zero is done with the guarantee of reconstruction. The new wavelet transform is modified to reconstruct the data between peaks and bottoms. Peaks and bottoms detecting ANNs are developed and their performance is checked against the self developed software. Procedures for classification are presented with self developed software check. The theory of ANNs requires bit-wise parallel adders and multiplexors. A parallel adder circuit is developed by combining some newly developed basic units for the purpose

Bibliography of Lewis Research Center technical publications announced in 1992

This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific and engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1992. All the publications were announced in the 1992 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction towards E-shopping in Malaysia

Online shopping or e-shopping has changed the world of business and quite a few people have decided to work with these features. What their primary concerns precisely and the responses from the globalisation are the competency of incorporation while doing their businesses. E-shopping has also increased substantially in Malaysia in recent years. The rapid increase in the e-commerce industry in Malaysia has created the demand to emphasize on how to increase customer satisfaction while operating in the e-retailing environment. It is very important that customers are satisfied with the website, or else, they would not return. Therefore, a crucial fact to look into is that companies must ensure that their customers are satisfied with their purchases that are really essential from the ecommerce’s point of view. With is in mind, this study aimed at investigating customer satisfaction towards e-shopping in Malaysia. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed among students randomly selected from various public and private universities located within Klang valley area. Total 369 questionnaires were returned, out of which 341 questionnaires were found usable for further analysis. Finally, SEM was employed to test the hypotheses. This study found that customer satisfaction towards e-shopping in Malaysia is to a great extent influenced by ease of use, trust, design of the website, online security and e-service quality. Finally, recommendations and future study direction is provided. Keywords: E-shopping, Customer satisfaction, Trust, Online security, E-service quality, Malaysia