Optimal broadcasting in treelike graphs

Broadcasting is an information dissemination problem in a connected network, in which one node, called the originator , disseminates a message to all other nodes by placing a series of calls along the communication lines of the network. Once informed, the nodes aid the originator in distributing the message. Finding the broadcast time of a vertex in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete. The problem is solved polynomially only for a few classes of graphs. In this thesis we study the broadcast problem in different classes of graphs which have various similarities to trees. The unicyclic graph is the simplest graph family after trees, it is a connected graph with only one cycle in it. We provide a linear time solution for the broadcast problem in unicyclic graphs. We also studied graphs with increasing number of cycles and complexity and provide again polynomial time solutions. These graph families are: tree of cycles, necklace graphs, and 2-restricted cactus graphs. We also define the fully connected tree graphs and provide a polynomial solution and use these results to obtain polynomial solution for the broadcast problem in tree of cliques and a constant approximation algorithm for the hierarchical tree cluster networks

Heuristic Algorithms For Broadcasting In Cactus Graphs

Broadcasting is an information dissemination problem in a connected network, in which one node, called the originator, disseminates a message to all other nodes by placing a series of calls along the communication lines of the network. Once informed, the nodes aid the originator in distributing the message. Finding the broadcast time of a vertex in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete. The problem is solved polynomially only for a few classes of graphs. In this thesis, we study the broadcast problem in a class of graph called a Cactus Graph. A cactus graph is a connected graph in which any two simple cycles have at most one vertex in common. Equivalently, it is a connected graph in which every edge belongs to at most one simple cycle. We review broadcasting on subclasses of cactus graphs such as, the unicyclic graphs, necklace graphs, k-cycle graphs, 2-restricted cactus graphs and k-restricted cactus graphs. We then provide four heuristic algorithms that solves broadcasting on a k-cycle graph. A k-cycle graph is a collection of k cycles of arbitrary lengths all connected to a central vertex. Finally, we run simulations of these heuristic algorithms on different sized k-cycle graphs to compare and discuss the results

Approximation Algorithms for Broadcasting in Flower Graphs

Over the last century, telecommunication networks have become the nervous system of our society. As data is generated and stored on varied nodes, effective communication is imperative to ensure efficient use of the network. Our ever-growing reliance on these increasingly large and complex networks make ineffective communication strategies evermore apparent. Broadcasting is a fundamental information-dissemination problem which models communication across a connected graph in the following manner: a single vertex, the originator, seeks to pass some message along to all other vertices in the graph. In general, research on broadcasting can be grouped in roughly two categories: Firstly, given some particular graph and some particular vertex chosen to be originator, what is a broadcast scheme that informs the entire graph in the minimum time possible? Secondly, given some number of nodes, how can we arrange them in a particular network topology such that we can achieve minimal broadcast time from any vertex? This thesis focuses on problems of the first category. Finding the minimum broadcast time of any vertex in an arbitrary graph is NP-Complete, but efficient algorithms have been found for particular graph families. In particular, polynomial time algorithms have been found for trees and some tree-like graphs: unicyclic graphs, tree of cycles. Such algorithms have also been found for some graphs with no intersecting cliques, such as fully connected trees and trees of cliques. Finally, graphs containing cycles with particular restrictions were also studied, and efficient algorithms for necklace graphs and k-restricted cactus graphs were also found. The question still stands however, of whether these restrictions may be too conservative, and that efficient algorithms exist on broader classes of graphs. In particular, significant research has been made towards finding an efficient broadcasting algorithm on cactus graphs, which has not been found so far. This thesis studies the broadcasting problem on Flower graphs, which capture the difficulty of cactus graphs in a simple graph family. Flower graphs, or k-cycle graphs, are graphs composed of k cycles all joined on a single central vertex v_c. The contributions of this thesis for broadcasting on flower graphs is two-fold: it first improves the approximation ratio for broadcasting on flower graphs. It then provides a heuristic which performs significantly better in practice than the current best heuristic. We also demonstrate that our heuristic finds the optimal broadcast time for particular subcases of flower graphs

Approximation Algorithms for Broadcasting in Simple Graphs with Intersecting Cycles

Broadcasting is an information dissemination problem in a connected network in which one node, called the originator, must distribute a message to all other nodes by placing a series of calls along the communication lines of the network. Every time the informed nodes aid the originator in distributing the message. Finding the minimum broadcast time of any vertex in an arbitrary graph is NP-Complete. The problem remains NP-Complete even for planar graphs of degree 3 and for a graph whose vertex set can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. The best theoretical upper bound gives logarithmic approximation. It has been shown that the broadcasting problem is NP-Hard to approximate within a factor of 3-ɛ. The polynomial time solvability is shown only for tree-like graphs; trees, unicyclic graphs, tree of cycles, necklace graphs and some graphs where the underlying graph is a clique; such as fully connected trees and tree of cliques. In this thesis we study the broadcast problem in different classes of graphs where cycles intersect in at least one vertex. First we consider broadcasting in a simple graph where several cycles have common paths and two intersecting vertices, called a k-path graph. We present a constant approximation algorithm to find the broadcast time of an arbitrary k-path graph. We also study the broadcast problem in a simple cactus graph called k-cycle graph where several cycles of arbitrary lengths are connected by a central vertex on one end. We design a constant approximation algorithm to find the broadcast time of an arbitrary k-cycle graph. Next we study the broadcast problem in a hypercube of trees for which we present a 2-approximation algorithm for any originator. We provide a linear algorithm to find the broadcast time in hypercube of trees with one tree. We extend the result for any arbitrary graph whose nodes contain trees and design a linear time constant approximation algorithm where the broadcast scheme in the arbitrary graph is already known. In Chapter 6 we study broadcasting in Harary graph for which we present an additive approximation which gives 2-approximation in the worst case to find the broadcast time in an arbitrary Harary graph. Next for even values of n, we introduce a new graph, called modified-Harary graph and present a 1-additive approximation algorithm to find the broadcast time. We also show that a modified-Harary graph is a broadcast graph when k is logarithmic of n. Finally we consider a diameter broadcast problem where we obtain a lower bound on the broadcast time of the graph which has at least (d+k-1 choose d) + 1 vertices that are at a distance d from the originator, where k >= 1

Ferromagnetic Potts Model: Refined #BIS-hardness and Related Results

Recent results establish for 2-spin antiferromagnetic systems that the computational complexity of approximating the partition function on graphs of maximum degree D undergoes a phase transition that coincides with the uniqueness phase transition on the infinite D-regular tree. For the ferromagnetic Potts model we investigate whether analogous hardness results hold. Goldberg and Jerrum showed that approximating the partition function of the ferromagnetic Potts model is at least as hard as approximating the number of independent sets in bipartite graphs (#BIS-hardness). We improve this hardness result by establishing it for bipartite graphs of maximum degree D. We first present a detailed picture for the phase diagram for the infinite D-regular tree, giving a refined picture of its first-order phase transition and establishing the critical temperature for the coexistence of the disordered and ordered phases. We then prove for all temperatures below this critical temperature that it is #BIS-hard to approximate the partition function on bipartite graphs of maximum degree D. As a corollary, it is #BIS-hard to approximate the number of k-colorings on bipartite graphs of maximum degree D when k <= D/(2 ln D). The #BIS-hardness result for the ferromagnetic Potts model uses random bipartite regular graphs as a gadget in the reduction. The analysis of these random graphs relies on recent connections between the maxima of the expectation of their partition function, attractive fixpoints of the associated tree recursions, and induced matrix norms. We extend these connections to random regular graphs for all ferromagnetic models and establish the Bethe prediction for every ferromagnetic spin system on random regular graphs. We also prove for the ferromagnetic Potts model that the Swendsen-Wang algorithm is torpidly mixing on random D-regular graphs at the critical temperature for large q.Comment: To appear in SIAM J. Computin

Parameterized Complexity of Broadcasting in Graphs

The task of the broadcast problem is, given a graph G and a source vertex s, to compute the minimum number of rounds required to disseminate a piece of information from s to all vertices in the graph. It is assumed that, at each round, an informed vertex can transmit the information to at most one of its neighbors. The broadcast problem is known to NP-hard. We show that the problem is FPT when parametrized by the size k of a feedback edge-set, or by the size k of a vertex-cover, or by k=n-t where t is the input deadline for the broadcast protocol to complete.Comment: Full version of WG 2023 pape

Broadcasting in Harary Graphs

With the increasing popularity of interconnection networks, efficient information dissemination has become a popular research area. Broadcasting is one of the information dissemination primitives. Broadcasting in a graph is the process of transmitting a message from one vertex, the originator, to all other vertices of the graph. We follow the classical model for broadcasting. This thesis studies the Harary graph in depth. First, we find the diameter of Harary graph. We present an additive approximation algorithm for the broadcast problem in Harary graph. We also provide some properties for the graph like vertex transitivity, circulant graph and regularity. In the next part we introduce modified harary graph. We calculate the diameter and broadcast time for the graph. We will also provide 1-additive approximation algorithm to find the broadcast time in the modified harary graph

Problems related to broadcasting in graphs

The data transmission delays become the bottleneck on modern high speed interconnection networks utilized by high performance computing or enterprise data centers. This motivates the study directed towards finding more efficient interconnection topologies as well as more efficient algorithms for information exchange between the nodes of the given network. Broadcasting is the process of distributing a message from a node, called the originator, to all other nodes of a communication network. Broadcasting is used as a basic communication primitive by many higher level network operations, which involve a set of nodes in distributed systems. Therefore, it is one the most important operations, which can determine the total efficiency of a given distributed system. We study interconnection networks via modeling them as graphs. The results described in this work can be used for efficient message routing algorithms in switch based interconnection networks as well as in the choice of the interconnection topologies of such networks. This thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the research area and literature overview. Chapter 2 studies the family of graphs for which the broadcast time is equal to the diameter. Chapter 3 studies the routing and broadcasting problem in the Knodel graph. Chapter 4 studies the possible vertex degrees and the possible connections between vertices of different degrees in a broadcast graph. Using this, a new lower bound is obtained on broadcast function. Chapter 5 presents some miscellaneous results. Chapter 6 summarizes the thesis

Advances in Discrete Applied Mathematics and Graph Theory

The present reprint contains twelve papers published in the Special Issue “Advances in Discrete Applied Mathematics and Graph Theory, 2021” of the MDPI Mathematics journal, which cover a wide range of topics connected to the theory and applications of Graph Theory and Discrete Applied Mathematics. The focus of the majority of papers is on recent advances in graph theory and applications in chemical graph theory. In particular, the topics studied include bipartite and multipartite Ramsey numbers, graph coloring and chromatic numbers, several varieties of domination (Double Roman, Quasi-Total Roman, Total 3-Roman) and two graph indices of interest in chemical graph theory (Sombor index, generalized ABC index), as well as hyperspaces of graphs and local inclusive distance vertex irregular graphs