50 Years of Test (Un)fairness: Lessons for Machine Learning

Quantitative definitions of what is unfair and what is fair have been introduced in multiple disciplines for well over 50 years, including in education, hiring, and machine learning. We trace how the notion of fairness has been defined within the testing communities of education and hiring over the past half century, exploring the cultural and social context in which different fairness definitions have emerged. In some cases, earlier definitions of fairness are similar or identical to definitions of fairness in current machine learning research, and foreshadow current formal work. In other cases, insights into what fairness means and how to measure it have largely gone overlooked. We compare past and current notions of fairness along several dimensions, including the fairness criteria, the focus of the criteria (e.g., a test, a model, or its use), the relationship of fairness to individuals, groups, and subgroups, and the mathematical method for measuring fairness (e.g., classification, regression). This work points the way towards future research and measurement of (un)fairness that builds from our modern understanding of fairness while incorporating insights from the past.Comment: FAT* '19: Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT* '19), January 29--31, 2019, Atlanta, GA, US

Intellectual Property and Opportunities for Food Security in the Philippines

By 2050, the Philippine population is projected to increase by as much as 41 percent, from 99.9 million to nearly 153 million people. Producing enough food for such an expanding population and achieving food security remain a challenge for the Philippine government. This paper argued that intellectual property rights (IPR) can play a key role in achieving the nation’s current goal to be food-secure and provided examples to illustrate that the presence of sound intellectual property (IP) helps foster research, development, and deployment of agricultural innovations. This paper also offered key recommendations about how the IP system can be further leveraged to enable access, creation, and commercialization of new and innovative agricultural practices and technologies to enhance the nation’s agricultural productivity, meet rice self-sufficiency, and sustain food security

Recommendations for Chicago's Local Plan, Title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998

This report provides a series of policy recommendations for local implementation of Title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA) aimed at providing an integrated workforce development system that effectively serves both disadvantaged job-seekers and employers

Guidelines for Comprehensive Fiscal Sponsorship

This paper offers administrative, financial, and legal best practices for fiscal sponsorship arrangements; it was developed by a subgroup of fiscal sponsors practicing comprehensive fiscal sponsorship, many of whom work with the mission of advancing social justice

ILR Research in Progress 2011-12

The production of scholarly research continues to be one of the primary missions of the ILR School. During a typical academic year, ILR faculty members published or had accepted for publication over 25 books, edited volumes, and monographs, 170 articles and chapters in edited volumes, numerous book reviews. In addition, a large number of manuscripts were submitted for publication, presented at professional association meetings, or circulated in working paper form. Our faculty's research continues to find its way into the very best industrial relations, social science and statistics journals.Research_in_Progress_2011_12.pdf: 46 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

Science Courts, Evidentiary Procedures and Mixed Science-Policy Decisions

This paper analyzes the potential for science courts to address the social need to regulate human carcinogens and concludes that, on balance, it is not high. From this vantage point, Professor Cranor suggests desiderata for application in other areas where science courts might be used

Налоговые аспекты децентрализации финансовых ресурсов

Статья посвящена актуальным вопросам обеспечения социально-экономического развития регионов путем децентрализации финансовых ресурсов на основе перераспределения налоговых поступлений. Разработан методический подход к моделированию сценариев корректировки налоговой составляющей региональной фискальной политики, который включает несколько взаимосвязанных последовательных этапов: постановка цели; построение модели корректировки налоговой составляющей региональной фискальной политики; установление влияния факторов на формирование финансовой самодостаточности регионального развития; определение сценариев перераспределения налоговых поступлений между бюджетами разных уровней; учет потенциальных рисков; формирование критериев эффективности децентрализации финансовых ресурсов и проверка сценариев на соответствие им; моделирование сценариев; выбор наиболее рационального сценария в соответствии с экономической, социальной и организационной эффективностью. С целью выявления наиболее эффективных вариантов корректировки налоговой составляющей региональной фискальной политики рассмотрены четыре варианта сценария (механизмы изменения налогового и бюджетного кодексов Украины на 2011-2014 гг.; предложения правительства на 2015 г.; два авторских сценария, предложенных в части закрепления доли общегосударственных налогов за местными бюджетами). По каждому из них учитывались временные, трансакционные и коррупционные риски и потери бюджетных средств. Для моделирования сценариев построена имитационная модель динамики финансовых ресурсов региона на примере местного бюджета г. Харькова в среде Vensim. Моделирование предложенных вариантов сценариев показало, что в правительственном сценарии коэффициент бюджетной зависимости, и уровень сбалансированности бюджета ухудшаются по сравнению с условиями, действовавшими до 2014 г. Их улучшение по сравнению с ретроспективным периодом достигается в одном из авторских сценариев, при этом происходит сокращение объема и доли межбюджетных трансфертов и связанных с ними потерь. Законодательное закрепление ответственности за выполнение перераспределенных функций позволит повысить их эффективность.The article is devoted to topical issues of socio-economic development of regions through decentralization of financial resources ion terms of reallocation of tax revenue. The methodical approach to modeling scenarios of adjusting the tax component of the regional fiscal policy, which consists of five interrelated sequential steps: setting goals; building a model of adjusting the tax component of the regional fiscal policy; identifying the impact of the factors on developing the financial self-sufficiency of regional development; identifying scenarios of tax revenue reallocation between the budgets of different levels; recording potential risks; developing performance criteria for financial resource decentralization and checking scenarios for their compliance; modeling scenarios; selection of the most rational scenario in accordance with economic, social, and organizational effectiveness. In order to identify the most effective options of adjusting the tax component of the regional fiscal policy the article considers four possible scenario variants: the scenario for 2011-2014 years; the governmental scenario for 2015; two scenarios proposed by the authors in terms of securing a share of national taxes to local budgets. For each scenario it considers the risks and the related losses of budgetary funds: temporary, transactional and corruption risks. To model the scenarios, a simulation model of the regional financial resources dynamics using the example of the local budget of Kharkov in the Vensim medium has been built. Modelling the proposed scenario variants has shown deterioration in the scenario 2 of both the budget dependence coefficient and the level of the budget balance in comparison with the pre-existing conditions in 2014. Improvement in the budget dependence indicator and the balance as compared with the retrospective period is achieved in the fourth scenario under consideration. At that, there is a reduction of the volume and the share of the intra-budget transfers and related losses. Legislative recognition of responsibility for implementing reallocated functions will allow to increase their efficiency

Recommendations for a New Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program In Illinois

The Chicago Jobs Council has prepared this "tool" to guide our Governor-Elect, transition team members, legislators, and a new Department of Human Services administration in the transformation of the TANF program in Illinois. The tool articulates six goals with specific recommendations to develop a TANF program focused on poverty reduction and workforce development that will benefit both low-income families as well as employers and the Illinois economy. It also identifies actions required to achieve each recommendation to help prioritize work for a short-term and long-term plan. Actions include: 1) implement current policy, where proper implementation is lacking, 2) sub-regulatory change, 3) regulatory change, and 4) legislative change

ILR Faculty Research in Progress, 2014-2015

The production of scholarly research continues to be one of the primary missions of the ILR School. During a typical academic year, ILR faculty members published or had accepted for publication over 25 books, edited volumes, and monographs, 170 articles and chapters in edited volumes, numerous book reviews. In addition, a large number of manuscripts were submitted for publication, presented at professional association meetings, or circulated in working paper form. Our faculty's research continues to find its way into the very best industrial relations, social science and statistics journals.ResearchinProgress_2014_15.pdf: 17 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020