Developing visualisations for spreadsheet formulae: towards increasing the accessibility of science, technology, engineering and maths subjects

Spreadsheets are widely used within Science, technology, engineering and maths education. Despite their widespread use, end-user spreadsheet errors are still extremely common and have been shown to have an adverse effect on learning. The textual representation of formulas can be particularly complex and error-prone, exacerbating barriers to dyslexic users. Our work focuses on the design and development of a visual language to graphically represent spreadsheet formulae, with the objective of making them easier to understand than their default textual form. This work contributes to a body of human factors research focused upon spreadsheets

A Computer-Based Method to Improve the Spelling of Children with Dyslexia

In this paper we present a method which aims to improve the spelling of children with dyslexia through playful and targeted exercises. In contrast to previous approaches, our method does not use correct words or positive examples to follow, but presents the child a misspelled word as an exercise to solve. We created these training exercises on the basis of the linguistic knowledge extracted from the errors found in texts written by children with dyslexia. To test the effectiveness of this method in Spanish, we integrated the exercises in a game for iPad, DysEggxia (Piruletras in Spanish), and carried out a within-subject experiment. During eight weeks, 48 children played either DysEggxia or Word Search, which is another word game. We conducted tests and questionnaires at the beginning of the study, after four weeks when the games were switched, and at the end of the study. The children who played DysEggxia for four weeks in a row had significantly less writing errors in the tests that after playing Word Search for the same time. This provides evidence that error-based exercises presented in a tablet help children with dyslexia improve their spelling skills.Comment: 8 pages, ASSETS'14, October 20-22, 2014, Rochester, NY, US

Visualising formula structures to support exploratory modelling

Visualisation is often presented as a means of simplifying information and helping people understand complex data. In this paper we describe a project designing interactive visualisations to support core learner competencies in the broad area of numeracy. The work builds upon: (i) the observation that while spreadsheets are traditional ICT tools, their widespread use means that they are often introduced as a means of exploring basic mathematical modelling; (ii) a research theme examining the human factors that influence the ease with which formal notations can be understood and applied appropriately. Our paper describes the iterative design and evaluation of a tool to visualise spreadsheets, with the aim of supporting mid-teen learners based on the premise that spreadsheets serve as a gateway tool for supporting learner experimentation and confidence within numerate subjects. This iterative process is informed by background research into notational design, graphic design as well as learner and tutor feedback

User Centered and Context Dependent Personalization Through Experiential Transcoding

Abstract-The pervasive presence of devices exploited to use and deliver entertainment text-based content can make reading easier to get but more difficult to enjoy, in particular for people with reading-related disabilities. The main solutions that allow overcoming some of the difficulties experienced by users with specific and special needs are based on content adaptation and user profiling. This paper presents a system that aims to improve content legibility by exploiting experiential transcoding techniques. The system we propose tracks users' behaviors so as to provide a tailored adaptation of textual content, in order to fit the needs of a specific user on the several different devices she/he actually uses

Design guidelines for web readability

Reading is fundamental to interactive-system use, but around 800 million of people might struggle with it due to literacy difficulties. Few websites are designed for high readability, as readability remains an underinvestigated facet of User Experience. Existing readability guidelines have multiple issues: they are too many or too generic, poorly worded, and often lack cognitive grounding. This paper developed a set of 61 readability guidelines in a series of workshops with design and dyslexia experts. A user study with dyslexic and average readers further narrowed the 61-guideline set down to a core set of 12 guidelines - an acceptably small set to keep in mind while designing. The core-set guidelines address reformatting - such as using larger fonts and narrower content columns, or avoiding underlining and italics - and may well aply to the interactive system other than websites. © 2017 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s)

Análisis sistemático de pautas para la accesibilidad TIC para personas con discapacidad cognitiva

Este trabajo de investigación presenta los resultados de una revisión sistemática realizada a partir de la recopilación, lectura y análisis de distintas fuentes bibliográficas dentro de un conjunto heterogéneo consistente de 175 estudios que forman la base bibliográfica actual del documento “Cognitive Accessibility User Research” (W3C, 2015a) del W3C. Esta base bibliográfica está compuesta por publicaciones científicas basadas en libros, artículos, conferencias y sitios Web especializados, en los cuales se potencia como objeto particular de análisis, la indagación en la búsqueda de pautas de accesibilidad en las tecnologías Web que apoyen la integración a personas con discapacidad cognitiva. Como parte de este proceso de investigación se ha recopilado y descrito la situación actual, particularmente, de los retos en la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en relación a personas con dificultades de aprendizaje o discapacidades cognitivas, tales como la Dislexia, Afasia, Trastorno de Aprendizaje No verbal, Envejecimiento-Demencia, Trastornos por Déficit de Atención con o sin Hiperactividad, Autismo, Síndrome de Down y Discalculia. Como aporte primordial de este Trabajo Fin de Master (TFM), se intenta trazar una línea de criterios que permitan la evaluación objetiva de este tópico, con miras a ofrecer un enfoque práctico y reciente sobre ésta temática, mostrando de forma esquematizada las pautas existentes y sirviendo de síntesis orientativa para el diseño accesible de las TIC con la finalidad de promover un soporte real a personas con los tipo de discapacidad cognitiva en los que se ha enfocado esta investigación. Logrando obtener como resultado principal de este estudio, 36 pautas generales que agrupan las coincidencias del grupo de discapacidades estudiadas y que han sido distribuidas en categorías: texto, navegación y generales, para su mejor interpretación y manejo de la Accesibilidad en las TIC´S para Personas con Discapacidad Cognitiva.---ABSTRACT---This research presents the results of a systematic review from collecting, reading and analysis of different bibliographic sources within a heterogeneous group consisting of 175 studies that form the basis of current literature document "Accessibility User Cognitive Research" (W3C , 2015th) of the W3C. This bibliographic database is composed of scientific publications based on books, articles, lectures and specialized Web sites, in which is enhanced as a particular object of analysis, the inquiry into the search for accessibility guidelines for Web technologies to support integration of people with cognitive disabilities. As part of this research process, the current situation has been collected and described, particularly the challenges in the use of information and communications technology (ICT) in relation to people with learning disabilities or cognitive disabilities, such as Dyslexia, aphasia, nonverbal learning disorder, aging-Dementia, Attention Deficit Disorders with or without hyperactivity, autism, Down syndrome and dyscalculia. As primary contribution of this Master's Thesis (TFM), it tries to draw a line of criteria to allow an objective assessment of this topic, in order to provide a practical and recent focus on this theme, showing schematically existing guidelines and serving as guidance for accessible design of ICT in order to promote a real support to people with cognitive disabilities where this research has focused on. Managing to obtain the main result of this study, 36 general guidelines that group the set of disabilities studied and have been distributed in categories: text, navigation and general, for better interpretation and management of ICTs for Accessibility people with cognitive disabilities

Designing Heuristics for Accessible Online Text Production

Governments and public organisations provide digital services and share information on websites, so web content needs to be accessible to all citizens. Text remains the main form of providing information, and reading is the primary way to interact with digital services. However, existing guidelines are not adequate for content creators in public organisations. The wide scope and technicality of these guidelines make them confusing, difficult to understand and challenging to implement. To respond to this emerging need, in this paper, we contribute improvements to the guidance of accessible text production by proposing heuristics with a design science approach. Specifically, we (1) review accessibility guidelines and determine improvement factors related to text accessibility, (2) establish a design and evaluation workshop with 38 students, and (3) verify the feasibility of the proposal with content creators. Our evidence shows that the proposed accessibility heuristics are clear and easy to understand, and they are useful for content creators.© 2022 Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems & Authors.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Comparing Dyslexia and Visual Impairments under W3C's WCAG: A Legal Standard for Web Design?

W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) has become the de facto legal standard for web design based on recent settlement agreements. The Department of Justice has even tried to make WCAG the actual law. This paper examines the most common plaintiffs in successful Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) litigation against colleges and universities (individuals with visual impairments) and compares these plaintiffs to individuals with dyslexia, as both populations are covered under the ADA, as both populations have the same affected major life activity: reading. After identifying the 15 overlapping Success Criteria, this review then uses a systematic review methodology to determine when designing for individuals with dyslexia, then it also creates accessible webpages for individuals with visual impairments and when they do not.Master of Science in Library Scienc