Modélisation informatique de structures dynamiques de segments textuels pour l'analyse de corpus

The objective of the thesis is to propose a data-processing model to represent, build and exploit textualstructures. The suggested model relies on a «type/token» form of text representation extended bysystems of lexical and contextual annotations. This model's establishment was carried out in the SATOsoftware -- of which the functionalities and the internal organization are presented. Reference to anumber of works give an account of the development and use of the software in various contexts.The formal assumption of the textual and discursive structures find an ally in the beaconing XMLlanguage and the proposals of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Formally, the structures built on thetextual segments correspond to graphs. In a development driven textual analysis context, these graphsare multiple and partially deployed. Their resolution, within the fastening of the nodes to textualsegments or that of other graphs, is a dynamic process which can be sustained by various dataprocessingmechanisms. Examples drawn from textual linguistics are used to illustrate the principles ofstructural annotation. Prospective considerations for the data-processing establishment of amanagement system of the structural annotation are also exposed.L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer un modèle informatique pour représenter, construire et exploiterdes structures textuelles. Le modèle proposé s'appuie sur une représentation du texte sous la forme d'unplan lexique/occurrences augmenté de systèmes d'annotations lexicales et contextuelles, modèle dontune implantation a été réalisée dans le logiciel SATO dont on présente les fonctionnalités etl'organisation interne. La présentation d'un certain nombre de travaux rendent compte dudéveloppement et de l'utilisation du logiciel dans divers contextes.La prise en charge formelle des structures textuelles et discursives trouve un allié dans le langage debalisage XML et dans les propositions de la Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Formellement, lesstructures construites sur les segments textuels correspondent à des graphes. Dans le contexte d'uneanalyse textuelle en élaboration, ces graphes sont multiples et partiellement déployés. La résolution deces graphes, au sens du rattachement des noeuds à des segments textuels ou à des noeuds d'autresgraphes, est un processus dynamique qui peut être soutenu par divers mécanismes informatiques. Desexemples tirés de la linguistique textuelle servent à illustrer les principes de l'annotation structurelle.Des considérations prospectives sur une implantation informatique d'un système de gestion del'annotation structurelle sont aussi exposées

Enterprise at the era of the Knowledge Economy

Although left for a few decades the era Taylorism, we have done nothing but enter the era of the accoutable persons i.e. people who, making decisions, are able and have the will to justify them; there is a true request which started to appear in the field of the finance (in France, Law of Financial Safety echoing the law Sarbanes-Oxley in the United States) but which will not fail to extend gradually to the other fields by contagion because the financial field is only the reflection of what takes place within. These accountable persons will justify of as much better the decisions than those will have been made within the framework of a collaborative work; the justification can be based only on facts, reasoning and a context corresponding to a certain number of allowed values of reference by the concerned organization. These facts, this reasoning revealing new facts, these values of reference, all that constitutes knowledge i.e. a whole of signals or stimuli helping us with better perceiving and understanding the world which surrounds us. Either they are preexistent with the process of decision-making or are its consequence, this knowledge must be able to be communicated to any person entitled to justify the decision made even the not-decision (indeed, the fact of not making a decision when a problem has to be solved can paralyse the activity of various recipients to even have serious consequences and must be able to be justified as well as a decision). This need for justification has an indirect effect but great importance; when an activity is carried on and that one has accounts to report, its good execution is not enough to secure you against any critic because it is necessary to be able to show the cogency of this activity and the adopted step, taking into account the aim in view; there is thus a permanent questioning in the light of the evolution of the context and the environment. The justification starting from knowledge is thus not a simple obligation but a factor of progress, innovation and adaptation to the change thus of competitiveness. Let us quote a forum (1) which will interest those who are “seeking to comply with the requirements of this important legislation”; indeed, it offers free downloading of the Act itself and provides a compliance toolkit. In this e-book, you will find two parts: one to explain the conditions of organizing an e-enterprise and the second one to show how you might be able to working out knowledge in a dynamic way. For French speaking KB Members, we recommend interesting hints (2) written by Netegrity’s Didier Schreiber who underlines the consequences of this law from the point of view of IS and security devices. (1) http://www.sarbanes-oxley-forum.com (2) http://www.guideinformatique.com/fiche-loi_sarbanes_oxley-481.html: capital intellectuel; information; réseau; production; réalité virtuelle; travail collaboratif; commerce électronique; portail; gestion; supply chain; organisation; modélisation; documents; Web services; agents intelligents; Corporate Performance Management; connaissances; métaconnaissances; K-Maps

L'arbre recouvrant dans l'interrogation de documents XML

International audienceIn this paper, we propose a fuzzy model to querying the XML documents, by taking into account not only the document contents, but also their structure. The concept of minimal size spanning tree is employed to determine the fragments of documents which coincide as much as possible with a query tree and the fuzzy logic framework is used to represent a user's criteria through weighted formulas according to the level of user's knowledge in documents structures.Dans cet article nous présentons un modèle d'interrogation flexible de données semi-structurées (DSS) en général et de documents XML en particulier, en prenant en compte non seulement le contenu mais aussi la structure de ces documents. La notion d’arbre recouvrant de taille minimale est employée pour déterminer les fragments de documents qui coïncident le plus possible avec une requête et la théorie des sous-ensembles flous sera utilisée pour représenter les critères flexibles sur le contenu à travers des formules pondérées

L'arbre recouvrant dans l'interrogation de documents XML

International audienceIn this paper, we propose a fuzzy model to querying the XML documents, by taking into account not only the document contents, but also their structure. The concept of minimal size spanning tree is employed to determine the fragments of documents which coincide as much as possible with a query tree and the fuzzy logic framework is used to represent a user's criteria through weighted formulas according to the level of user's knowledge in documents structures.Dans cet article nous présentons un modèle d'interrogation flexible de données semi-structurées (DSS) en général et de documents XML en particulier, en prenant en compte non seulement le contenu mais aussi la structure de ces documents. La notion d’arbre recouvrant de taille minimale est employée pour déterminer les fragments de documents qui coïncident le plus possible avec une requête et la théorie des sous-ensembles flous sera utilisée pour représenter les critères flexibles sur le contenu à travers des formules pondérées