Perang Salib III: Strategi Richard Lionheart dan Shalahuddin Al Ayyubi dalam perebutan Kota Suci Yerusalem (1189-1192)

This Undergraduated thesis entitled "Crusade III: Richard Lionheart and Shalahuddin Al Ayyubi's Strategy in the struggle for the Holy City of Jerusalem (1189-1192)". In general, this study discusses the strategy and pattern of battle carried out by Richard Lionheart as the leader of the Western nations and also Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi as the leader of the Arabs. This research uses a historical method which consists of four steps of research: heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This research also uses a multidisciplinary approach by taking the concepts of war, leadership and the holy city in an effort to discuss the research themes raised. Based on the results of the study, Richard Lionheart and Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi had different journeys in their background occupying positions that made them leaders of two different nations, where Richard Lionheart became a King of British while Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi became King of the nation Arab, besides that Richard Lionheart and also Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi also has a strategy and pattern of fighting that is different from one another, with its advantages and disadvantages giving each of them an advantage over their opponents, besides that the two nation's leaders fighting over the Holy City of Jerusalem has the same importance to the Holy City of Jerusalem, for both the leaders of this nation, both Western and Arab nations, Jerusalem is a city that not only has a religious relationship for these two nations, which in addition to having the religious ties, the two nations also had the same historical ties in the past to this Holy City of Jerusalem. These two nations feel they have the same rights in control of the Holy City of Jerusalem. Keyword: Richard Lionheart; Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi; Jerusalem; Third Crusade

‘The Evil Genius of the Third Crusade’: Conrad of Montferrat, stereotype and scapegoat

In popular historical representation of the crusades, one of the figures most badly served has been Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (d. 1192). Anglo-Angevin chronicle and romance traditions favourable to Richard I have coloured later narratives. The key text in shaping his image in the past two centuries has been Walter Scott’s 'The Talisman' (1825), which drew heavily on the fourteenth-century metrical romance 'King Richard' and on influences from the Gothic novel, notably the ethnic stereotyping of Italians. Conrad was assimilated to the twin stereotypes of the Machiavellian Italian nobleman and the flamboyant ‘popinjay’ cavalier servente. Numerous stage, film, and television adaptations of 'The Talisman' up to the 1980s have perpetuated Scott's image of Conrad, shaping his depiction at the hands of later novelists and historians. Maurice Hewlett's 'The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay' (1900) further distorted Conrad's career, placing him in France when he was already defending Tyre, and makes him plot Richard's assassination. Together with 'The Talisman', it seems to have served as an uncredited influence on Cecil B. DeMille's film epic, 'The Crusades' (1935). DeMille, in turn, influenced Conrad's depiction as a scheming traitor in later historical novels, such as Ronald Welch's children’s novel 'Knight Crusader' (1954) and Youssef Chahine's 1963 Egyptian film, 'Saladin the Victorious', which combined Scott-derived characterisations with Nasser-era Arab nationalism. Welch's interpretation was partly based also on Steven Runciman's 'A History of the Crusades' . Essentially, what emerged from the 1950s onward was a literary and film/television image rooted both directly and indirectly in Scott, from 'The Talisman' and from Runciman. In Graham Shelby's 'Kings of Vain Intent' (1970), his Gothic villainy is given a sexual dimension, with rape and flagellation scenes. In his homeland, Conrad was the tragic hero of the neo-classical drama 'Corrado, Marchese di Monferrato' (1772) by the architect and dramatist Francesco Ottavio Magnocavallo, Count of Varengo (1707–88). Only a small number of positive depictions of Conrad emerged, notably in Nino Berrini's 1922 play 'Rambaldo di Vaqueiras (I Monferrato)', in which he is a minor character in a romantic drama. Luigi Gabotto's 'Corrado di Monferrato: Racconto Storico'(1968), a vie romancée published by the Rotary Club of Casale Monferrato, had a more limited circulation. However, currently, his main popular representation is thinly disguised under his father's name, William, as an unsympathetic target for assassination in the computer game 'Assassin's Creed' (2007)

He Was The Best of Kings; He Was the Worst of Kings: A Critique of the Literary Presentation of Richard I

In order to achieve a more holistic understanding of Mediterranean History during the Third Crusade, a critical analysis of Richard I is necessary. This paper questions how accurately Richard I was portrayed in literary sources during the Third Crusade and attempts to construct as complete an image of the various motivations that led to differing depictions of Richard I as possible through a critical analysis of literary sources. Focusing on how his actions during the Third Crusade were interpreted, this paper will show the various, often opposing, sentiments held by both Western and Muslim authors on Richard I. Once a comprehensive presentation of the literary representations of Richard I has been established, this paper will question motives behind authors’ characterizations of King Richard in order to create a greater understanding of the politics and cultural biases that were driving forces behind the actions of the Third Crusade and modern interpretation

Robin Hood Justice: Why Robin Hood Took from the Rich and Gave to the Poor (and We Should Too)

The legend of Robin Hood exemplifies a distinct concern of justice neglected by theorists: the distributive results of systemic injustices. Robin Hood’s redistributive activities are justified by the principle that the distributive results of systemic injustices are unjust and should be corrected. This principle has relevance beyond the legend: since current inequalities in the US are results of systemic injustices, the US has good reason to take from the rich and give to the poor

Comic Books Featuring the Middle Ages

Cet article étudie les bandes dessinées qui présentent le Moyen Âge comme moyen de montrer comment l’étude de ce média populaire peut aider à approfondir les recherches sur la modernité du Moyen Âge. Les bandes dessinées présentent le Moyen Âge de deux façons différentes : certaines bandes dessinées sont inspirées par des sources et des personnages historiques tandis que d’autres sont inspirées par des sources littéraires dont l’origine remonte au Moyen Âge. Ces deux types de bandes dessinées ont créé une idée riche mais souvent déformée du Moyen Âge.This article explores comic books that feature the Middle Ages as a way to show how the study of this popular media can help to further the research of the modernity of the Middle Ages. Comic books feature the Middle Ages in two different ways: on the one hand, some comic books are inspired by historical sources and characters, and on the other hand, some comic books are inspired by literary sources whose origin can be traced to the Middle Ages. Both of them have created a rich but often distorted idea of the Middle Ages

Four-dimensional tomographic reconstruction by time domain decomposition

Since the beginnings of tomography, the requirement that the sample does not change during the acquisition of one tomographic rotation is unchanged. We derived and successfully implemented a tomographic reconstruction method which relaxes this decades-old requirement of static samples. In the presented method, dynamic tomographic data sets are decomposed in the temporal domain using basis functions and deploying an L1 regularization technique where the penalty factor is taken for spatial and temporal derivatives. We implemented the iterative algorithm for solving the regularization problem on modern GPU systems to demonstrate its practical use

Wayfaring Stranger

Lionheart expertly joins classics from the Medieval and Renaissance vocal repertoire with new work by the most innovative composers of contemporary vocal music. In Wayfaring Stranger, the group joins forces with four members of the American Contemporary Music Ensemble (ACME) for the East Coast premiere of composer Ingram Marshall’s Psalmbook. Accompanying Marshall’s meditation on early American psalmody is an eclectic mix of music spanning more than 800 years ranging from sacred chant to Appalachian folk melodies. Works by Phil Kline and Laura Nyro are also highlighted in this ode to restless wanderlust.https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/peak-performances-2012-2013/1007/thumbnail.jp

Magna Carta, human rights and the archaeology of an idea

A review of how some of the fundamental principles of due process established in the Magna Carta of 1215 have become part of modern human rights law