Growth allocation and stand structure in Norway spruce stands

This thesis is based on analyses of permanent sample plot data gathered over periods of 10-34 years from an experiment in which a wide range of thinning regimes, and thinnings combined with N-fertilisation, were applied to 25 even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in southern Sweden (56-63 No). At the start of the experiment, before the first thinning, the dominant height was 12-18 m. The overall objective was to evaluate the extent to which growth allocation along the bole and the stand structure of Picea abies stands can be controlled by different silvicultural regimes. To do this the data were used in four studies to evaluate the impact of: thinning and N-fertilisation on stem form and taper (Study I); different thinning regimes on the removal and growth in the diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual stems (Studies II and III); and the thinning regimes on the growth in mean DBH of four classes of the largest stems by DBH ha 1 (Study IV). The studies (ii) and (iii) form a growth model. In stands subjected to different thinning regimes, one model predicts which individual trees will remain at future points in time and an associated model predicts the future DBH of the remaining stems. Separate models were developed for stands thinned from below, stands thinned from above and unthinned stands. In Study IV the actual and genuine increases in the arithmetic mean DBH of the 100, 200, 300 and 400 largest stems by DBH ha 1 associated with six different thinning regimes in periods up to 35 years were compared to the corresponding stems in unthinned stands. The goals of achieving rapid diameter growth and low stem tapering cannot be attained simultaneously as heavy thinnings cause increased tapering, and thus silvicultural regimes must reflect a compromise between these and other production objectives. Trees in thinned and N-fertilised stands had the same taper as trees in equally thinned, unfertilised stands. Heavy thinnings from below promote high frequencies of thick stems and extra heavy thinnings promote high frequencies of extra thick stems. Thinning from above (or no thinnngs) may be an alternative to thinning from below in situations where a main crop consisting of moderately thick stems would be regarded as a satisfactory outcome. The actual mean DBH of larger stems can be increased, compared to the corresponding stems in unthinned stands, by up to 2.6 mm per year if extra heavy thinnings are carried out. The biological response to thinning of thick stems is influenced by the thinning intensity but not by the thinning method. The variation in DBH increases over time but increases more in stands thinned from above and unthinned stands than in stands thinned from below

UA12/2/78 Newsletter

Newsletter created by and about Kappa Sigma fraternity in 1974

The evolution of medieval /ü/ and its dialectal variation

The medieval high, front, round vowel /ü/ was phonetically realized in Greek until the 10th century A.D. After that time a sound change took place, resulting in the phonetic realization of underlying /ü/ with two variants, namely as [i] in most dialects and as [u] in the dialects of Old Athenian Complex. We claim that the underlying /ü/ could not be realized anymore due to a phonological change that resulted in the promotion of the markedness constraint *[+front, +round], which is now undominated and forbids the realization of front, rounded vowels in the Greek phonological system. The variation among the output vowels [i] and [u] can be accounted for on the basis of co-phonologies or multiple grammars, namely by a single ranking where a set of unranked constraints obtain, giving multiple outputs. In the course of language evolution, however, it is the crucial ranking of the one constraint over the other that forces the activation of a distinct output vowel in every dialectal group

UA12/2/10 Delta Gamma Chatter

Newsletter created by and about Kappa Delta sorority in 1987

UA12/2/10 Kay Dee Konnection

Calendar / newsletter created by and about Kappa Delta in 1988

UA12/2/10 Delta Gamma Chatter

Newsletter created by and about Kappa Delta sorority in 1990

UA12/2/78 The Messenger, Vol. 1

Newsletter created by and about Kappa Sigma fraternity in 1986

UA12/2/10 Kappa Delta Konnection

Monthly calendar/newsletter created by and about Kappa Delta sorority in 1989

UA12/2/10 Kay Dee Konnection

Calendar / newsletter created by and about Kappa Delta sorority in 1987

Instances of vowel assimilation in the Cretan dialect

This study examines the effect of vowel assimilation in the dialectal realizations of western Crete. The corpus is based on data drawn from written sources as well as naturalistic data. The analysis has shown that the assimilation is mostly sonority driven, following largely the pattern attested in southern Greece; the trigger of assimilation is the most sonorous (un)stressed vowel within the prosodic word and targets a preceding unstressed vowel, although stressed targets are also attested. The assimilation is regressive, strictly local and may be blocked by intervening Labials and Dorsals which spread their round or back feature respectively to the target vowel. Coronal sonorants may also block total assimilation causing only lowering, due to the V-C interaction too