A comprehensive survey on hybrid communication in context of molecular communication and terahertz communication for body-centric nanonetworks

With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sensor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the communication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor networks and always deployed on purpose to support a particular application. In these networks, electromagnetic and molecular communications are widely considered as two main promising paradigms and both follow their own development process. In this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is discussed. Afterwards, the related security issues of the proposed networks are discussed. Finally, the challenges and open research directions are presented

Conception et évaluation de nouvelles méthodes pour améliorer les performances des réseaux de nano-communication

Abstract : The field of nanotechnology has undergone very rapid and fascinating development in recent years. This rapid and impressive advance has led to new applications of nanotechnology in the biomedical and military industries, making it a key area of research in multidisciplinary fields. However, the individual processing capacity of nanodevices is very limited, hence the need to design nanonetworks that allow the nanodevices to share information and to cooperate with each other. There are two solutions to establish a nanocommunication system: either by adapting the classical electromagnetic communication to the requirements of nano scale, or by using biological nanosystems inspired by nature such as the molecular communication proposed in the literature. In this thesis, we are interested in the second solution, which is exploiting the potential of biological nanosystems used by nature since billions of years to design biocompatible nanonetworks that can be used inside the human body for medical applications. Nevertheless, the use of this new paradigm is not without challenges. The very low achievable throughput and the Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) are the most influential problems on the quality of molecular communication. The main objective of this thesis is to design and evaluate new methods inspired by nature in order to enhance the performance of nano-communication systems. To do this, the work is divided into three main parts. In the first part, we enhance the performance of molecular communication by proposing a new method that uses a photolysis-reaction instead of using enzyme to better attenuate ISI. We also propose an optimization of the receiver used in MIMO systems by judiciously choosing the parameters used in its design to reduce the influence of path loss on the quality of the system. The second part proposes a new wired nano-communication system based on self-assembled polymers that build an electrically conductive nanowire to connect the nanodevices to each other. The use of electrons as information carriers drastically increases the achievable throughput and reduces the delay. We study the dynamic process of self-assembly of the nanowire and we propose a bio-inspired receiver that detects the electrons sent through the conductive nanowire and converts them into a blue light. The third part applies the proposed wired nano-communication system to design an architecture ofWired Ad hoc NanoNETworks (WANNET) with a physical layer, Medium Acess Control (MAC) layer and application layer. We also calculate the maximum throughput and we evaluate the performance of the system.Le domaine des nanotechnologies a connu un développement très rapide et fascinant ces dernières années. Cette avancée rapide et impressionnante a conduit à de nouvelles applications dans les industries biomédicale et militaire, ce qui en fait un champ clé de recherche dans des domaines multidisciplinaires. Cependant, la capacité de traitement individuelle des nanodispositifs est très limitée, d'où la nécessité de concevoir des nanoréseaux qui permettent aux nanodispositifs de partager des informations et de coopérer entre eux. Il existe deux solutions pour mettre en place un système de nano-communication: soit en adaptant la communication électromagnétique classiques aux exigences de la nano échelle, soit en utilisant des nanosystèmes inspirés de la nature comme la communication moléculaire. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la deuxième solution, qui exploite le potentiel des nanosystèmes biologiques utilisés par la nature depuis des milliards d'années pour concevoir des nanoréseaux biocompatibles pouvant être utilisés à l'intérieur du corps humain pour des applications médicales. Néanmoins, l'utilisation de ce nouveau paradigme n'est pas sans défis. Le très faible débit réalisable et l'Interférence Entre Symboles (IES) sont les problèmes les plus influents sur la qualité de la communication moléculaire. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de concevoir et d'évaluer de nouvelles méthodes inspirées de la nature afin d'améliorer les performances des systèmes de nano-communication. Pour ce faire, le travail est divisé en trois parties principales. Dans la première partie, nous améliorons les performances de la communication moléculaire en proposant une nouvelle méthode qui utilise une réaction de photolyse pour mieux atténuer l'IES. Nous proposons également une optimisation du receveur utilisé dans les systèmes MIMO en choisissant judicieusement les paramètres utilisés dans sa conception pour réduire l'influence de l'atténuation de trajet sur la qualité du système. La deuxième partie propose un nouveau système de nano-communication filaire basé sur des polymères auto-assemblés qui construisent un nanofil électriquement conducteur pour connecter les nanodispositifs les uns aux autres. L'utilisation d'électrons comme supports d'informations augmente considérablement le débit réalisable et réduit le délai. Nous étudions le processus dynamique d'auto-assemblage du nanofil et nous proposons un receveur bio-inspiré qui détecte les électrons envoyés et les convertit en une lumière bleue. La troisième partie applique le système de nano-communication filaire proposé pour concevoir une architecture d'un nanoréseau ad hoc filaire (Wired Ad hoc NanoNETworks) WANNET avec une couche physique, une couche de contrôle d'accès moyen (Medium Access Control) MAC et une couche d'application. Nous calculons également le débit maximum et nous évaluons les performances du système

Psr1p interacts with SUN/sad1p and EB1/mal3p to establish the bipolar spindle

Regular Abstracts - Sunday Poster Presentations: no. 382During mitosis, interpolar microtubules from two spindle pole bodies (SPBs) interdigitate to create an antiparallel microtubule array for accommodating numerous regulatory proteins. Among these proteins, the kinesin-5 cut7p/Eg5 is the key player responsible for sliding apart antiparallel microtubules and thus helps in establishing the bipolar spindle. At the onset of mitosis, two SPBs are adjacent to one another with most microtubules running nearly parallel toward the nuclear envelope, creating an unfavorable microtubule configuration for the kinesin-5 kinesins. Therefore, how the cell organizes the antiparallel microtubule array in the first place at mitotic onset remains enigmatic. Here, we show that a novel protein psrp1p localizes to the SPB and plays a key role in organizing the antiparallel microtubule array. The absence of psr1+ leads to a transient monopolar spindle and massive chromosome loss. Further functional characterization demonstrates that psr1p is recruited to the SPB through interaction with the conserved SUN protein sad1p and that psr1p physically interacts with the conserved microtubule plus tip protein mal3p/EB1. These results suggest a model that psr1p serves as a linking protein between sad1p/SUN and mal3p/EB1 to allow microtubule plus ends to be coupled to the SPBs for organization of an antiparallel microtubule array. Thus, we conclude that psr1p is involved in organizing the antiparallel microtubule array in the first place at mitosis onset by interaction with SUN/sad1p and EB1/mal3p, thereby establishing the bipolar spindle.postprin

Removal of antagonistic spindle forces can rescue metaphase spindle length and reduce chromosome segregation defects

Regular Abstracts - Tuesday Poster Presentations: no. 1925Metaphase describes a phase of mitosis where chromosomes are attached and oriented on the bipolar spindle for subsequent segregation at anaphase. In diverse cell types, the metaphase spindle is maintained at a relatively constant length. Metaphase spindle length is proposed to be regulated by a balance of pushing and pulling forces generated by distinct sets of spindle microtubules and their interactions with motors and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Spindle length appears important for chromosome segregation fidelity, as cells with shorter or longer than normal metaphase spindles, generated through deletion or inhibition of individual mitotic motors or MAPs, showed chromosome segregation defects. To test the force balance model of spindle length control and its effect on chromosome segregation, we applied fast microfluidic temperature-control with live-cell imaging to monitor the effect of switching off different combinations of antagonistic forces in the fission yeast metaphase spindle. We show that spindle midzone proteins kinesin-5 cut7p and microtubule bundler ase1p contribute to outward pushing forces, and spindle kinetochore proteins kinesin-8 klp5/6p and dam1p contribute to inward pulling forces. Removing these proteins individually led to aberrant metaphase spindle length and chromosome segregation defects. Removing these proteins in antagonistic combination rescued the defective spindle length and, in some combinations, also partially rescued chromosome segregation defects. Our results stress the importance of proper chromosome-to-microtubule attachment over spindle length regulation for proper chromosome segregation.postprin