Introduction to industrial control networks

An industrial control network is a system of interconnected equipment used to monitor and control physical equipment in industrial environments. These networks differ quite significantly from traditional enterprise networks due to the specific requirements of their operation. Despite the functional differences between industrial and enterprise networks, a growing integration between the two has been observed. The technology in use in industrial networks is also beginning to display a greater reliance on Ethernet and web standards, especially at higher levels of the network architecture. This has resulted in a situation where engineers involved in the design and maintenance of control networks must be familiar with both traditional enterprise concerns, such as network security, as well as traditional industrial concerns such as determinism and response time. This paper highlights some of the differences between enterprise and industrial networks, presents a brief history of industrial networking, gives a high level explanation of some operations specific to industrial networks, provides an overview of the popular protocols in use and describes current research topics. The purpose of this paper is to serve as an introduction to industrial control networks, aimed specifically at those who have had minimal exposure to the field, but have some familiarity with conventional computer networks.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9739hb2016Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Containing the challenge of transnational networking from below: post-9/11 initiatives ; paper presented at the conference on 'Transnationalisation and Development(s): Towards a North-South Perspective', Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld, Germany, May 31 - June 01, 2007

Contents: Introduction; Global labour markets; Antecedents: migration and industrial development; The beginnings of globalisation from below; Chain migration and the dynamics of South/North escalators; Global transgressors: transnational networks ‘from below’; 9/11 and its consequences; Migration and economic development; Migrant self-help: Transnational networks and coalitions of reciprocity; Countervailing initiatives to constrain the transgressors; Moneylaundering; Hawala hits the headlines; Globalisation from above: efforts to constrain the operation of informal value transfer systems; Practical consequences; Efforts by the World Bank and DFID to ‘assist’ the poor; Current efforts to control the onrush of globalisation; The benefits of globalisation: now you see them – and now you don’t; Bibliograph

Time-Sensitive Networking for Industrial Automation: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

With the introduction of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoT) into industrial applications, industrial automation is undergoing tremendous change, especially with regard to improving efficiency and reducing the cost of products. Industrial automation applications are often required to transmit time- and safety-critical data to monitor and control industrial processes, especially for critical control systems. There are a number of solutions to meet these requirements (e.g., priority-based real-time schedules and closed-loop feedback control systems). However, due to their different processing capabilities (e.g., in the end devices and network switches), different vendors may come out with distinct solutions, and this makes the large-scale integration of devices from different vendors difficult or impossible. IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a standardization group formed to enhance and optimize the IEEE 802.1 network standards, especially for Ethernet-based networks. These solutions can be evolved and adapted into a cross-industry scenario, such as a large-scale distributed industrial plant, which requires multiple industrial entities working collaboratively. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the current advances in TSN standards for industrial automation. We present the state-of-the-art IEEE TSN standards and discuss the opportunities and challenges when integrating each protocol into the industry domains. Finally, we discuss some promising research about applying the TSN technology to industrial automation applications

Trends in industrial control systems in ST Division and at CERN

Since the 1970s, industrial systems have been introduced in ST Division and have formed the basis for the overwhelming majority of the equipment for which it is responsible. The first systems were independent and not integrated into the accelerator control networks. This first generation included the Technical Control Room (TCR) site and networks monitoring system supplied by Télémécanique. In 1980, this system was replaced by the BBC and the Landis & Gyr systems for the cooling and ventilation equipment. In 1979, the Sprecher & Schuh system for the control of the electrical generator sets (with CERN's first PLC) was installed. Since the 1980s, these systems have been gradually integrated, initially using G64s as the interface with the PLCs, then, with the introduction of FactoryLink to handle H1 communications based on TCP/IP and, finally, with the Technical Data Server (TDS) and the TCP/IP communication replacing H1

Reactive Security for SDN/NFV-enabled Industrial Networks leveraging Service Function Chaining

The innovative application of 5G core technologies, namely Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), can help reduce capital and operational expenditures in industrial networks. Nevertheless, SDN expands the attack surface of the communication infrastructure, thus necessitating the introduction of additional security mechanisms. These major changes could not leave the industrial environment unaffected, with smart industrial deployments gradually becoming a reality; a trend that is often referred to as the 4th industrial revolution or Industry 4.0. A wind park is a good example of an industrial application relying on a network with strict performance, security, and reliability requirements, and was chosen as a representative example of industrial systems. This work highlights the benefit of leveraging the flexibility of SDN/NFV-enabled networks to deploy enhanced, reactive security mechanisms for the protection of the industrial network, via the use of Service Function Chaining. Moreover, the implementation of a proof-of-concept reactive security framework for an industrial-grade wind park network is presented, along with a performance evaluation of the proposed approach. The framework is equipped with SDN and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) honeypots, modelled on and deployable to the wind park, allowing continuous monitoring of the industrial network and detailed analysis of potential attacks, thus isolating attackers and enabling the assessment of their level of sophistication. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed solutions is assessed in the context of the specific industrial application, based on the analysis of the network characteristics and requirements of an actual, operating wind park

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 802.11b AND 802.11g NETWORK

Recent advances in wireless technology has led to the introduction of new devices utilizing the 2.4GHz industrial scientific and medical (ISM) unlicensed band traditionally used by Wireless LANS (WLAN). The increasing demand of higher data rate in WLANs has prompted the continual emergence of different 802.11 protocols with increased performance. Interoperability and coexistence between these networks become key issues and must be catered for, to guarantee satisfactory performance of both networks. 802.11 refer to a family of specifications developed by the International Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineering (IEEE) for wireless LAN technology. IEEE accepted the specification for 802.11 in 1997. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and the increasing popularity of laptop computers. WLAN is based on IEEE 802.11 standard and is also known as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) [1]. In this paper, the comparative analysis of IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g networks are x-rayed. KEYWORDS: 802.11b, 802.11g, WLAN, IEEE, OFDM, LRWPANS, Wireless Fidelity, Wireless Medium Access Control, Physical Layer

Deep Transfer Learning Applications in Intrusion Detection Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Globally, the external Internet is increasingly being connected to the contemporary industrial control system. As a result, there is an immediate need to protect the network from several threats. The key infrastructure of industrial activity may be protected from harm by using an intrusion detection system (IDS), a preventive measure mechanism, to recognize new kinds of dangerous threats and hostile activities. The most recent artificial intelligence (AI) techniques used to create IDS in many kinds of industrial control networks are examined in this study, with a particular emphasis on IDS-based deep transfer learning (DTL). This latter can be seen as a type of information fusion that merge, and/or adapt knowledge from multiple domains to enhance the performance of the target task, particularly when the labeled data in the target domain is scarce. Publications issued after 2015 were taken into account. These selected publications were divided into three categories: DTL-only and IDS-only are involved in the introduction and background, and DTL-based IDS papers are involved in the core papers of this review. Researchers will be able to have a better grasp of the current state of DTL approaches used in IDS in many different types of networks by reading this review paper. Other useful information, such as the datasets used, the sort of DTL employed, the pre-trained network, IDS techniques, the evaluation metrics including accuracy/F-score and false alarm rate (FAR), and the improvement gained, were also covered. The algorithms, and methods used in several studies, or illustrate deeply and clearly the principle in any DTL-based IDS subcategory are presented to the reader

Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations

Political governance in modern societies can no longer be conceived in terms of external government control of society but emerges from a plurality of governing agents. In contemporary policy making, governmental and non-governmental actors are interconnected in complex networks of interaction, exchanging information and other resources. This reader presents the results of empirical network studies in a variety of policy sectors and in different countries. It also provides insights into innovative quantitative and qualitative approaches to network analysis.Part One • Theoretical Considerations 1 Introduction: Studying Policy Networks Bernd Marin and Renate Mayntz 2 Policy Networks and Policy Analysis: Scrutinizing a New Analytical Toolbox Patrick Kenis and Volker Schneider Part Two • Policy Networks in National Policy Domains 3 Organizations in Political Action: Representing Interests in National Policy Making Edward O. Laumann and John P. Heinz with Robert Nelson and Robert Salisbury 4 Policy Networks in the German Telecommunications Domain Volker Schneider and Raymund Werle 5 Policy Networks and Change: The Case of High-Tc Superconductors Dorothea Jansen Part Three • Cross-National Variations in Policy Networks 6 Political Exchange in the German and American Labor Policy Domain Franz Urban Pappi and David Knoke 7 Fencing Off: Central Banks and Networks in Canada and the United States William D. Coleman 8 Policy Networks, Opportunity Structures and Neo-Conservative Reform Strategies in Health Policy Marian Döhler 9 The Preconditions for Policy Networks: Some Findings from a Three-Country Study on Industrial Restructuring Patrick Kenis Contributor