제어 환경 하에서 재배한 케일의 3차원 구조 내 자외선-B 수광량 기반 총 페놀 함량 추정

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농림생물자원학부, 2022.2. 손정익.280-315nm 영역대의 자외선(UV-B)은 식물의 생리 활성 화합물을 증진시키는 광 유도원으로 이용되어 왔다. 식물 구조 내에서 잎 위치별 불균일한 UV-B 노출과 UV-B에 대한 발달 연령 의존적 민감도로 인한 페놀 화합물의 국소적 축적은 예측할 수 없었다. 본 연구에서는 식물 구조에서 UV-B에 의해 유발된 페놀 화합물 함량과 UV-B 수광량 사이의 관계를 분석하고, 그 함량 분포의 추정을 위한 통계적 모델을 개발하고 시뮬레이션 기반의 시나리오 분석을 통해 식물공장의 UV-B 발광 다이오드(LED) 조명 시스템을 평가하고 최적화하였다. 케일(Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)은 식물공장에서 3, 4, 5주간 재배하였으며 310nm 피크의 UV-B LED를 수확 전 1일 또는 2일 동안 하루 12시간씩 조사하였다. 케일에서 UV-B 수광량(UV-B radiation interception, UVRint)의 공간 분포는 3차원 스캔 식물 모델과 함께 광 추적 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 정량화하였다. 수확 시기에 따른 페놀 화합물 함량에 대한 다중 회귀 모델은 2차 다항식을 사용하여 각 잎의 일 누적 UVRint 및 발달 연령을 기반으로 개발하였으며 UV-B LED 배열에 따른 회귀 분석을 수행하여 매개변수를 추정하였다. 시나리오 분석은 UV-B의 수직 또는 수평 거리, 조사 각도와 같은 조명 시스템 요인에 대해 수행하였다. 단기 UV-B 조사로 케일의 생육 및 광화학적 활성, 엽록소 함량에 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았으나 총 페놀 화합물(total phenolic content, TPC)과 총 플라보노이드 화합물(total flavonoid content, TFC) 및 UV-B 흡수 색소의 함량과 항산화능은 UV-B를 조사한 잎에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 한 식물 개체 수준에서 TPC 또는 TFC의 개체 내 분포는 일 누적 UVRint 및 엽 순서에 의해 결정할 수 있었으며, UV-B를 조사하지 않은 경우보다 더 이질적으로 나타났다. 개발된 모델은 테스트 데이터에서 0.78 이상의 R2 값과 약 30%의 오차율로 높은 정확성을 나타내었다. 모델 결과에서 UV-B 에너지 수율이 식물 및 엽 발달 연령에 의존한다는 것을 확인하였다. 대부분의 시나리오 분석 결과에서 TPC 또는 TFC 생산량의 균일성과 효율성은 반대 경향을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 UV-B 수광량에 따른 추정 모델은 UV-B 이용 효율을 높이고 조명 시스템을 최적화하는 데 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 본 연구 결과는 식물공장에서 생리 활성 화합물 생산을 위한 UV-B 광원의 적용을 증가시키는 데 기여할 것으로 기대하였다.Ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation has been used as a photo-elicitor to enhance the accumulation of bioactive compounds in plants. Local accumulation of phenolics, due to uneven UV-B exposure at leaf position and age-dependent sensitivity to UV-B radiation, is unpredictable in plant structures. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the UV-B-induced phenolic contents and UV-B radiation interception in plant structures, to develop statistical models for estimating the distribution of phenolic contents, and to evaluate the UV-B light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting system with simulation-based scenario analysis in plant factories. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) plants grown under a plant factory for 3, 4, and 5 weeks were exposed to UV-B LEDs with a peak at 310 nm for 12 h per day for 1 or 2 days right before harvest. Spatial distribution of UV-B radiation interception (UVRint) in kale plants was quantified using ray-tracing simulation with three-dimensional-scanned plant model. According to three harvest time, multiple regression models for phenolic content were developed based on daily UVRint and developmental age of individual leaves using a second-order multi-polynomial equation. Two UV-B LED arrangements were used to estimate model parameters. Scenario analysis was performed with lighting system factors, such as vertical or horizontal lighting distance and lighting angle of UV-B LED bars. The pre-harvest UV-B radiation did not cause noticeable changes in growth, photochemical activity, or chlorophyll content. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), UV-absorbing pigment content, and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in UV-B exposed leaves. At a whole plant level, the intraindividual distributions of TPC or TFC could be determined by daily UVRint and leaf order, and were more heterogeneous than those without UV-B radiation. The developed models predicted accurately with R2 > 0.78 and normalized root mean squared error of about 30% in the test data. From the models, the dependence of UV-B energy yield on plant and leaf developmental age was confirmed. In most scenario results, the uniformity and efficiency were opposite for both total phenolic and flavonoid production. These results suggest that the prediction model using UV-B radiation interception can be used to improve UV-B radiation use efficiency and to optimize the lighting system. These results will contribute to increasing the commercial application of UV-B radiation for bioactive compound production in plant factories.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) 5 Plant response to UV-B radiation 6 Manipulation of UV-B radiation in horticulture 7 Light interception with plant structure 8 LITERATURE CITED 10 Chapter 1 18 ABSTRACT 18 INTRODUCTION 20 MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 RESULTS 37 DISCUSSION 49 LITERATURE CITED 58 Chapter 2 69 ABSTRACT 69 INTRODUCTION 71 MATERIALS AND METHODS 76 RESULTS 88 DISCUSSION 104 LITERATURE CITED 111 Chapter 3 121 ABSTRACT 121 INTRODUCTION 123 MATERIALS AND METHODS 126 RESULTS 140 DISCUSSION 157 LITERATURE CITED 165 CONCLUSIONS 173 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 174 APPENDIX 176박

생육진전이 케일의 수광 및 생활성 화합물의 위치적 분포에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 식물생산과학부(원예과학전공), 2021. 2. 손정익 .UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation has been used as an effective tool to improve bioactive compound contents in controlled environments, such as plant factories. However, plant structure changes with growth progress induce different positional distributions of UV-B radiation interception, which cause difficulty in accurately evaluating the effects of UV-B on biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to quantitatively analyze the positional distributions of UV-B radiation interception and bioactive compound contents of kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) with growth progress and their relationships. Plants were grown in a plant factory at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 μmol m–2 s–1 with a photoperiod of 16 h and were harvested at 14 and 28 days after transplanting (DATs). The plants were exposed to two different doses of UV-B radiation (e.g., 1.3 W m–2 for 6 h or 12 h per day) for 1, 2, and 3 days before harvest. UV-B light interception, total phenolic compound (TPC), and total flavonoid compound (TFC) at the upper, middle and lower leaves of the plants were evaluated. Spatial UV-B radiation interception was analyzed by using 3D plant models and ray-tracing simulations. UV-B levels did not affect plant growth, including leaf area, fresh leaf weight, or dry weight. As growth progressed, the UV-B radiation interception amounts in the upper leaves were 34.1% and 88.8% higher than those for the middle and lower leaves, respectively. The bioactive compound contents in the upper leaves were 29.3–36.8% and 70.1–82.6% higher than those in the middle and lower leaves, respectively. The increase rates of TFC relative to the cumulative absorbed UV amounts were highest for the upper leaves of the 28 DAT plants, while those for TPC were highest in the middle leaves of the 14 DAT plants. Despite the same UV-B levels, the UV-B radiation interception and UV-B susceptibility in the plants varied with leaf position and growth stage, which induced the different biosynthesis of TFC and TPC. This attempt to interpret UV-B radiation interception will contribute to estimating and quantifying the production of bioactive compounds.UV-B 광 에너지는 식물의 생활성 화합물을 효율적으로 축적시키기 위한 수단으로써 식물공장에서 흔히 사용된다. 그러나 생육진전에 따른 식물 구조의 변화는 엽 위치별 수광 분포를 다르게 하므로 UV-B 광에 의한 생활성 화합물의 생성 효과를 정확히 평가하기 어렵다. 본 연구의 목적은 케일의 생육 진전이 UV-B 수광, 생활성 화합물의 위치적 분포와 두 관계에 주는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하는 것이다. 케일은 광합성 광량자속밀도 200μmol·m-2·s-1, 광주기 16시간인 식물공장에서 자랐고, 정식 후 14일과 정식 후28일에 수확되었다. 케일은 수확 전 1일, 2일, 3일 동안 두 가지 수준의 UV-B (1.3 W m-2, 하루 6시간 혹은 12시간)로 조사되었다. 개체 내의 상, 중, 하단부 엽에 대한UV-B 수광, 총 플라보노이드 함량(TFC), 총 페놀함량(TPC)이 측정되었다. 공간적UV-B수광은 3 차원 식물모델과 광 추적 시뮬레이션을 통해 분석되었다. 본 연구의 UV-B 수준은 엽면적, 잎의 생체중과 건물중을 포함한 생육에 영향을 주지 않았다. 생육이 진전되면서, 상단부 엽의 수광은 중단부 엽과 하단부 엽에 비해 각각 34.1%, 88.8% 높았다. 상단부 엽의 생활성 화합물은 중단부 엽과 하단부 엽에 비해 각각 29.3–36.8%, 70.1–82.6% 높았다. 중단부UV-B 누적 흡수된 UV-B 광량에 대한 TFC의 증가율은 상단부에서, TPC의 증가율은 중단부에서 가장 높았다. 동일한 UV-B광 수준에서도 케일의 UV-B수광과 감수성은 엽 위치와 생육단계에 따라 차이가 있었고 이는 생활성 화합물의 생합성에 영향을 주었다. 본 방법은 추후 UV-B 광을 사용한 식물공장 내 이차대사산물 생산량 추정 및 정량화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.ABSTRACT i CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 RESULTS 15 DISCUSSION 26 CONCLUSION 33 LITERATURE CITED 34 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 47Maste

Workshop on Smart Sensors - Instrumentation and Measurement: Program

On 18-19 February, the School of Engineering successfully ran a two-day workshop on Smart Sensors - Instrumentation and Measurement. Associate Professor Rainer Künnemeyer organised the event on behalf of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society, New Zealand Chapter. Over 60 delegates attended and appreciated the 34 presentations which covered a wide range of topics related to sensors, sensor networks and instrumentation. There was substantial interest and support from local industry and crown research institutes

Factories of the Future

Engineering; Industrial engineering; Production engineerin

Factories of the Future

Engineering; Industrial engineering; Production engineerin

Creation of modular 3D assets for videogames

Hráči počítačových her mají stále vyšší a vyšší nároky na grafické zpracování herního světa a jeho detaily. Aby jim mohlo být vyhověno, grafici musí neustále upravovat svůj přístup a používané modelovací techniky. Jeden z moderních a populárních přístupů je založen na modularitě a modulárním designu. Přestože tento přístup má spoustu benefitů, přesný popis technik a znalostí spojených s tímto konceptem není stále pevně definovaný. Tato práce poskytuje náhled na různé modelovací techniky, software pro 3D modelování a detailní popis modulárního přístupu aplikovaného v aktuálních počítačových hrách. Kombinací procedurálních modelovacích technik a modulárního designu jsme v programu Houdini připravili několik assetů už pouze čekajících na reálné využití. Dále jsme v Unreal Enginu poskládali testovací scénu a tím získali hlubší přehled o výhodách a nevýhodách použitého přístupu k tvorbě grafiky počítačových her.In order to keep up with the ever-increasing player's demand for higher visual fidelity of game environments, artists are continually implementing new modelling techniques and production methods into their workflow. One popular contemporary approach that has emerged is based on the notion of modular design. Although it offers many benefits for production workflow, the particular techniques and skills associated with this concept are still not well defined. This thesis provides an overview of various modelling techniques, 3D modelling software and thorough discussion of the modular design paradigm applied in computer games. We have combined procedural modelling techniques with the concept of modular design to create several game-ready assets in Houdini. We then assembled a simple test scene in Unreal Engine in order to gain a more in-depth insight into the advantages and disadvantages of the discussed workflow

Simulation-Based Countermeasures Towards Accident Prevention : Virtual Reality Utilization in Industrial Processes and Activities

Despite growing industrial interests in fully immersive virtual reality (VR) applications for safety countermeasures, there is scanty research on the subject in the context of accident prevention during manufacturing processes and plant maintenance activities. This dissertation aims to explore and experiment with VR for accident prevention by targeting three workplace safety countermeasures: fire evacuation drills, hazard identification and risk assessments (HIRA), and emergency preparedness and response (EPR) procedures. Drawing on the virtual reality accident causation model (VR-ACM) (i.e., 3D modelling and simulation, accident causation, and safety drills) and the fire evacuation training model, two industrial 3D simulation models were utilized for the immersive assessment and training. These were a lithium-ion battery (LIB) manufacturing factory and a gas power plant (GPP). In total, five studies (publications) were designed to demonstrate the potential of VR in accident prevention during the manufacturing processes and maintenance activities at the facility conceptual stages. Two studies were with the LIB factory simulation to identify inherent hazards and assess risks for redesigning the factory to ensure workplace safety compliance. The other three studies constituted fire hazard identifications, emergency evacuations and hazard control/mitigations during the maintenance activity in the GPP simulation. Both study models incorporated several participants individually immersed in the virtual realm to experience the accident phenomena intuitively. These participants provided feedback for assessing the research objectives. Results of the studies indicated that several inherent hazards in the LIB factory were identified and controlled/mitigated. Secondly, the GPP experiment results suggested that although the maintenance activity in the virtual realm increased the perception of presence, a statistically significant delay was recorded at the pre-movement stage due to the lack of situational safety awareness. Overall, the study demonstrates that participants immersed in a VR plant maintenance activity and manufacturing factory process simulation environments can experience real-time emergency scenarios and conditions necessary for implementing the essential safety countermeasures to prevent accidents.Vaikka kiinnostus virtuaalitodellisuuden (VR) käyttöön turvallisuuden varotoimissa teollisuudessa on kasvanut, tutkimuksia ei ole juurikaan tehty onnettomuuksien ehkäisystä valmistus- ja kunnossapitotoiminnassa. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on tutkia ja kokeilla VR:ää tapaturmien ehkäisyssä kohdistuen kolmeen työpaikan turvallisuuden varotoimeen: paloharjoitukset, riskien arvioinnit sekä hätätilanteiden valmiusmenettelyt ja toimintasuunnitelmat (EPR). Kokemuksellisessa ja uppouttavassa koulutuksessa hyödynnettiin kahta teollisuuden 3D-simulointimallia, jotka nojautuvat virtuaalitodellisuuden onnettomuuksien aiheutumismalliin (VR-ACM) (eli 3D-mallinnus- ja simulointi, onnettomuussyy- ja turvallisuuskoulutus) sekä paloharjoitusmalliin. Nämä 3D-simulointimallit ovat litiuminoniakkuja (LIB) valmistava tehdas, joka rakennettiin Visual Components 3D-simulointiohjelmistolla (versio 4.0) ja kaasuvoimala (GPP) Unrealin reaaliaikaisella pelimoottorilla (versio 4.2). Yhteensä viisi tutkimusta (julkaisua) suunniteltiin havainnollistamaan VR:n potentiaalia tapaturmien ehkäisyssä valmistusprosessin layout-suunnittelun ja tehtaan konseptivaiheissa tehtävän kunnossapidon aikana. Kaksi tutkimusta tehtiin LIB-tehdassimulaatiolla vaarojen tunnistamiseksi sekä riskien arvioimiseksi. Tutkimukset tehtiin tehtaan uudelleensuunnittelua varten, työturvallisuuden noudattamisen varmistamiseksi. Muut kolme tutkimusta käsittelevät palovaaran tunnistamista, hätäevakuointia ja riskien vähentämistä huoltotoiminnan aikana GPP-simulaatiossa. Molemmissa tutkimusmalleissa oli useita virtuaalimaailmaan uppoutuneita osallistujia, jotka saivat kokea onnettomuudet yksilöllisesti ja intuitiivisesti. Osallistujat antoivat palautetta kokeen jälkeisessä kyselyssä. Kyselyn tuloksien avulla LIB-tehtaassa tunnistettiin ja lievennettiin useita vaaroja. GPP-kokeilun tulokset viittasivat siihen, että vaikka ylläpitotoiminta virtuaalimaailmassa lisäsi teleläsnäoloa, tilastollisesti merkittävä viive kirjattiin liikettä edeltävässä vaiheessa turvallisuustietoisuuden puuteen vuoksi. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimus osoittaa, että VR-laitoksen kunnossapitotoimintaan ja tuotantotehtaan prosessisimulaatioympäristöihin uppoutuvat osallistujat voivat kokea reaaliaikaisia hätäskenaarioita ja olosuhteita, jotka ovat välttämättömiä olennaisten turvallisuustoimien toteuttamiseksi.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed