Evaluation of unidirectional background push content download services for the delivery of television programs

Este trabajo de tesis presenta los servicios de descarga de contenido en modo push como un mecanismo eficiente para el envío de contenido de televisión pre-producido sobre redes de difusión. Hoy en día, los operadores de red dedican una cantidad considerable de recursos de red a la entrega en vivo de contenido televisivo, tanto sobre redes de difusión como sobre conexiones unidireccionales. Esta oferta de servicios responde únicamente a requisitos comerciales: disponer de los contenidos televisivos en cualquier momento y lugar. Sin embargo, desde un punto de vista estrictamente académico, el envío en vivo es únicamente un requerimiento para el contenido en vivo, no para contenidos que ya han sido producidos con anterioridad a su emisión. Más aún, la difusión es solo eficiente cuando el contenido es suficientemente popular. Los servicios bajo estudio en esta tesis utilizan capacidad residual en redes de difusión para enviar contenido pre-producido para que se almacene en los equipos de usuario. La propuesta se justifica únicamente por su eficiencia. Por un lado, genera valor de recursos de red que no se aprovecharían de otra manera. Por otro lado, realiza la entrega de contenidos pre-producidos y populares de la manera más eficiente: sobre servicios de descarga de contenidos en difusión. Los resultados incluyen modelos para la popularidad y la duración de contenidos, valiosos para cualquier trabajo de investigación basados en la entrega de contenidos televisivos. Además, la tesis evalúa la capacidad residual disponible en redes de difusión, por medio de estudios empíricos. Después, estos resultados son utilizados en simulaciones que evalúan las prestaciones de los servicios propuestos en escenarios diferentes y para aplicaciones diferentes. La evaluación demuestra que este tipo de servicios son un recurso muy útil para la entrega de contenido televisivo.This thesis dissertation presents background push Content Download Services as an efficient mechanism to deliver pre-produced television content through existing broadcast networks. Nowadays, network operators dedicate a considerable amount of network resources to live streaming live, through both broadcast and unicast connections. This service offering responds solely to commercial requirements: Content must be available anytime and anywhere. However, from a strictly academic point of view, live streaming is only a requirement for live content and not for pre-produced content. Moreover, broadcasting is only efficient when the content is sufficiently popular. The services under study in this thesis use residual capacity in broadcast networks to push popular, pre-produced content to storage capacity in customer premises equipment. The proposal responds only to efficiency requirements. On one hand, it creates value from network resources otherwise unused. On the other hand, it delivers popular pre-produced content in the most efficient way: through broadcast download services. The results include models for the popularity and the duration of television content, valuable for any research work dealing with file-based delivery of television content. Later, the thesis evaluates the residual capacity available in broadcast networks through empirical studies. These results are used in simulations to evaluate the performance of background push content download services in different scenarios and for different applications. The evaluation proves that this kind of services can become a great asset for the delivery of television contentFraile Gil, F. (2013). Evaluation of unidirectional background push content download services for the delivery of television programs [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31656TESI

Video Traffic Characteristics of Modern Encoding Standards: H.264/AVC with SVC and MVC Extensions and H.265/HEVC

abstract: Video encoding for multimedia services over communication networks has significantly advanced in recent years with the development of the highly efficient and flexible H.264/AVC video coding standard and its SVC extension. The emerging H.265/HEVC video coding standard as well as 3D video coding further advance video coding for multimedia communications. This paper first gives an overview of these new video coding standards and then examines their implications for multimedia communications by studying the traffic characteristics of long videos encoded with the new coding standards. We review video coding advances from MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 to H.264/AVC and its SVC and MVC extensions as well as H.265/HEVC. For single-layer (nonscalable) video, we compare H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC in terms of video traffic and statistical multiplexing characteristics. Our study is the first to examine the H.265/HEVC traffic variability for long videos. We also illustrate the video traffic characteristics and statistical multiplexing of scalable video encoded with the SVC extension of H.264/AVC as well as 3D video encoded with the MVC extension of H.264/AVC.View the article as published at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/189481

Design and implementation of a consonant broadcasting architecture for large-scale video streaming.

Liu Wing Chun.Thesis submitted in: July 2003.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-57).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Acknowledgement --- p.IAbstract --- p.II摘要 --- p.IIIChapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter Chapter 2 --- Related Works --- p.5Chapter 2.1 --- Fixed-Segment Fixed-Bandwidth Schemes --- p.6Chapter 2.2 --- Variable-Segment Fixed-Bandwidth Schemes --- p.7Chapter 2.3 --- Fixed-Segment Variable-Bandwidth Schemes --- p.8Chapter 2.4 --- Variable-Segment Variable-Bandwidth Schemes --- p.9Chapter 2.5 --- Performance Bounds of Periodic Broadcastings --- p.10Chapter Chapter 3 --- Consonant Broadcasting --- p.12Chapter 3.1 --- Type-I Channels --- p.14Chapter 3.2 --- Type-II Channels --- p.15Chapter 3.3 --- Client Buffer --- p.17Chapter Chapter 4 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.19Chapter 4.1 --- Startup Latency versus Network Bandwidth --- p.20Chapter 4.2 --- Startup Latency versus Client Access Bandwidth --- p.22Chapter 4.3 --- Client Buffer Requirement --- p.24Chapter Chapter 5 --- Grouped Consonant Broadcasting --- p.25Chapter 5.1 --- Bandwidth Partitioning and Reception Schedule --- p.26Chapter 5.2 --- Client Buffer Requirement --- p.28Chapter 5.3 --- Performance Tradeoffs --- p.30Chapter Chapter 6 --- Implementation and Benchmarking --- p.34Chapter 6.1 --- Practical Issues --- p.35Chapter 6.2 --- Experimental Results --- p.36Chapter Chapter 7 --- Dynamic Consonant Broadcasting --- p.39Chapter 7.1 --- Virtual Transmission Schedules --- p.40Chapter 7.2 --- Dynamic Broadcasting Schedules --- p.42Chapter 7.3 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.44Chapter Chapter 8 --- Variable-bit-rate Video Streaming --- p.46Chapter 8.1 --- Transmission Schedules --- p.46Chapter 8.2 --- Playback Continuity --- p.48Chapter 8.3 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.50Chapter Chapter 9 --- Conclusions --- p.53Bibliography --- p.5

Modeling And Dynamic Resource Allocation For High Definition And Mobile Video Streams

Video streaming traffic has been surging in the last few years, which has resulted in an increase of its Internet traffic share on a daily basis. The importance of video streaming management has been emphasized with the advent of High Definition: HD) video streaming, as it requires by its nature more network resources. In this dissertation, we provide a better support for managing HD video traffic over both wireless and wired networks through several contributions. We present a simple, general and accurate video source model: Simplified Seasonal ARIMA Model: SAM). SAM is capable of capturing the statistical characteristics of video traces with less than 5% difference from their calculated optimal models. SAM is shown to be capable of modeling video traces encoded with MPEG-4 Part2, MPEG-4 Part10, and Scalable Video Codec: SVC) standards, using various encoding settings. We also provide a large and publicly-available collection of HD video traces along with their analyses results. These analyses include a full statistical analysis of HD videos, in addition to modeling, factor and cluster analyses. These results show that by using SAM, we can achieve up to 50% improvement in video traffic prediction accuracy. In addition, we developed several video tools, including an HD video traffic generator based on our model. Finally, to improve HD video streaming resource management, we present a SAM-based delay-guaranteed dynamic resource allocation: DRA) scheme that can provide up to 32.4% improvement in bandwidth utilization

Turbo-slice-and-patch: an algorithm for metropolitan scale VBR video streaming.

Kong Chun Wai.Thesis submitted in: July 2003.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Contentsacknowledgement --- p.IAbstract --- p.II摘要 --- p.IIIChapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter Chapter 2 --- Related Works --- p.4Chapter 2.1 --- Previous Work --- p.4Chapter 2.2 --- Comparison --- p.5Chapter Chapter 3 --- System Architecture --- p.7Chapter 3.1 --- Transmission Scheduling --- p.7Chapter 3.2 --- Admission Control --- p.9Chapter 3.3 --- Challenges in Supporting VBR-encoded Video --- p.10Chapter Chapter 4 --- Priority Scheduling --- p.12Chapter 4.1 --- Static Channel Priority (SCP) --- p.13Chapter 4.2 --- Dynamic Channel Priority (DCP) --- p.16Chapter Chapter 5 --- Turbo-Slice-and-Patch --- p.19Chapter 5.1 --- Video Pre-processing --- p.19Chapter 5.2 --- Bandwidth Allocation --- p.22Chapter 5.3 --- Three-Phase Patching --- p.23Chapter 5.4 --- Client Buffer Requirement --- p.27Chapter Chapter 6 --- Playback Continuity --- p.30Chapter Chapter 7 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.39Chapter 7.1 --- Average Latency --- p.40Chapter 7.2 --- Client Buffer Requirement --- p.43Chapter 7.3 --- Choice of Parameter Rcut --- p.44Chapter 7.4 --- Latency versus Arrival Rate --- p.46Chapter 7.5 --- Server Bandwidth Comparison --- p.48Chapter 7.6 --- Bandwidth Partitioning --- p.50Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusions --- p.52Bibliography --- p.5

QoS provisioning in multimedia streaming

Multimedia consists of voice, video, and data. Sample applications include video conferencing, video on demand, distance learning, distributed games, and movies on demand. Providing Quality of Service (QoS) for multimedia streaming has been a difficult and challenging problem. When multimedia traffic is transported over a network, video traffic, though usually compressed/encoded for bandwidth reduction, still consumes most of the bandwidth. In addition, compressed video streams typically exhibit highly variable bit rates as well as long range dependence properties, thus exacerbating the challenge in meeting the stringent QoS requirements of multimedia streaming with high network utilization. Dynamic bandwidth allocation in which video traffic prediction can play an important role is thus needed. Prediction of the variation of the I frame size using Least Mean Square (LMS) is first proposed. Owing to a smoother sequence, better prediction has been achieved as compared to the composite MPEG video traffic prediction scheme. One problem with this LMS algorithm is its slow convergence. In Variable Bit Rate (VBR) videos characterized by frequent scene changes, the LMS algorithm may result in an extended period of intractability, and thus may experience excessive cell loss during scene changes. A fast convergent non-linear predictor called Variable Step-size Algorithm (VSA) is subsequently proposed to overcome this drawback. The VSA algorithm not only incurs small prediction errors but more importantly achieves fast convergence. It tracks scene changes better than LMS. Bandwidth is then assigned based on the predicted I frame size which is usually the largest in a Group of Picture (GOP). Hence, the Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) can be kept small. By reserving bandwidth at least equal to the predicted one, only prediction errors need to be buffered. Since the prediction error was demonstrated to resemble white noise or exhibits at most short term memory, smaller buffers, less delay, and higher bandwidth utilization can be achieved. In order to further improve network bandwidth utilization, a QoS guaranteed on-line bandwidth allocation is proposed. This method allocates the bandwidth based on the predicted GOP and required QoS. Simulations and analytical results demonstrate that this scheme provides guaranteed delay and achieves higher bandwidth utilization. Network traffic is generally accepted to be self similar. Aggregating self similar traffic can actually intensify rather than diminish burstiness. Thus, traffic prediction plays an important role in network management. Least Mean Kurtosis (LMK), which uses the negated kurtosis of the error signal as the cost function, is proposed to predict the self similar traffic. Simulation results show that the prediction performance is improved greatly as compared to the LMS algorithm. Thus, it can be used to effectively predict the real time network traffic. The Differentiated Service (DiffServ) model is a less complex and more scalable solution for providing QoS to IP as compared to the Integrated Service (IntServ) model. We propose to transport MPEG frames through various service classes of DiffServ according to the MPEG video characteristics. Performance analysis and simulation results show that our proposed approach can not only guarantee QoS but can also achieve high bandwidth utilization. As the end video quality is determined not only by the network QoS but also by the encoded video quality, we consider video quality from these two aspects and further propose to transport spatial scalable encoded videos over DiffServ. Performance analysis and simulation results show that this can provision QoS guarantees. The dropping policy we propose at the egress router can reduce the traffic load as well as the risk of congestion in other domains

Video Traffic Characteristics of Modern Encoding Standards: H.264/AVC with SVC and MVC Extensions and H.265/HEVC

Video encoding for multimedia services over communication networks has significantly advanced in recent years with the development of the highly efficient and flexible H.264/AVC video coding standard and its SVC extension. The emerging H.265/HEVC video coding standard as well as 3D video coding further advance video coding for multimedia communications. This paper first gives an overview of these new video coding standards and then examines their implications for multimedia communications by studying the traffic characteristics of long videos encoded with the new coding standards. We review video coding advances from MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 to H.264/AVC and its SVC and MVC extensions as well as H.265/HEVC. For single-layer (nonscalable) video, we compare H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC in terms of video traffic and statistical multiplexing characteristics. Our study is the first to examine the H.265/HEVC traffic variability for long videos. We also illustrate the video traffic characteristics and statistical multiplexing of scalable video encoded with the SVC extension of H.264/AVC as well as 3D video encoded with the MVC extension of H.264/AVC