Status Penelitian Serangga Vektor Penyakit Kerdil Pada Tanaman Lada

Research Status on Insect Vector of Stunted Disease on Black PepperStunted disease is one of the important diseases of black pepper. Two viruses, i.e. Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) and Cucumo Mottle Virus (CMV) are associated with this disease. The disease is spread through seed as well as insect vectors. Two mealybugs, Planococcus minor and Ferrisia virgata; are known as insect vectors of PYMV in Indonesia and Aphis gossypii is an insect vector of CMV. The two mealybugs are polyphagous insects and efficient vectors.of stunted disease. Preliminary control of insect vectors has been conducted at the green house and field. Neem and tobacco extracts have showed effective control against Planococcus as also shown on monocrotophos and carbofuran treatments. Vector management is needed to reduce disease spread, through controlling insect vectors based on understanding their ecobiology. In addition, examining other potential insect vectors and screening existing hybrid lines to the disease and insect vectors need further examination

Insects Associated With Butternut and Butternut Canker in Minnesota and Wisconsin

Butternut, Juglans cinerea, is being killed throughout its native range in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. In addition to rain splashed spores, it is thought that the fungus may have spread over long distances to infect widely scattered butternut by insect vectors During surveys in 1995 and 1996 we found several insect species in close association with diseased butternut trees, and spores of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum were isolated in pure culture from the bodies of some of these insects. Potential insect vectors were species in the coleopteran genera Eubulus (Curculionidae), Laemophlaeus (Laemophloeidae), and Glischrochilus (Nitidulidae). Because several insect species become contaminated with fungal spores, further study is needed to determine if any of these insects might transmit the fungus to healthy trees and thereby infect them

Infection rates and distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi in triatomine insects from several public parks of Starr, Hidalgo and Cameron Counties

Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is a major public health concern in many areas of the world, including the United States. The disease is transmitted by insect vectors known as kissing bugs from the subfamily Triatominae. While the majority of studies focus on domestic and peri-domestic collections, this study collected insect vectors from state parks in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. PCR analysis was done to obtain infection rates for collected insects, and a morphological examination was done to check insects for gender. In total 18 insects were captured with 12 of the captured insects being female, and 6 being male. A total infection rate of 67% was seen. Our results reason that the prevention of insect vectors at both the sylvatic level and domestic level may be more effective in stopping the spread of Chagas disease than prevention at the domestic level alone

Impact of Temperature and Rainfall Change on Epidemics caused by Plant viruses

Plant virus diseases are one of the limiting factors to crop productivity by diminishing the quantity, quality and responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. The Epidemic of plant virus diseases is the result of interactions between virus, host plant, vector, and environmental factors. Changes in host plants and insect vector dynamics that result from temperature and rainfall change could have an influence on the spread of plant viruses. The rising of temperature and heat stress increase the susceptibility of host plants to virus infection and accelerates the fitness of viruses to cause disease. The increasing temperature also changes insect vector population dynamics by accelerating insect phenology, causing earlier and prolonged colonization because it makes appropriate environmental conditions for the insect vectors. Insect populations of most virus vectors build up more rapidly in areas with high temperatures and high relative humidity and decline at low temperature. In addition, the rising temperatures can increase the efficiency of virus transmission from infected to healthy plants by insect vectors. An increasing frequency of heavy rainfall events is likely to slow the virus prevalence and incidence by washing insect vectors, thus reducing vector density. Flooding within annual crop growing period enhances the subsequent growth of weed and volunteer crop plant which act as reservoirs of insect vectors and the viruses, and its occurrence outside growing seasons increases subsequent growth of such reservoirs. Keywords: Host plant; Vectors; Virus epidemics DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-3-05 Publication date: February 28th 202

Banana Flower-Insect Interaction: Alpha-Pinene as Potential Attractant for the Insect Vector of Banana Blood Disease

Volatile metabolites are produced by plants for self-defense and as communication mediators with the environment. Terpenes are volatiles emitted as odorant cues for herbivores and microorganisms. This study was aimed to investigate volatile metabolites produced by banana flowers that attract insect vectors of BBD. The volatile metabolites from banana flowers were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was apparent that the concentrations of the metabolite alpha-pinene gradually increased from the first to the the third stage. Comparison of metabolites produced by symptomatic banana male flowers for BBD infection with non-symptomatic ones showed that the concentration of alpha-pinene was higher in symptomatic male flowers. In addition, preference for alpha-pinene was tested on three insect vector species (Rhodesiella bhutanensis, Drosophila sp., and Musca sp.), analyzed by M. Anova p<0.001, F(1.5) =12.539 and Duncan test. Results showed that the insect vectors were mostly attracted to 20 µl volume of alpha-pinene compared to the other volumes and that alpha-pinene functioned as an attractant to these insects. This research is important for the formulation of attractants for insect vectors of BBD to control transmission of banana blood disease

Citrus tristeza virus in Hawaii

This article describes the citrus tristeza virus in Hawai‘i, the pathogen, diseases and disease symptoms caused by the virus, insect vectors and transmission, diagnosis and detection, management, and quarantine, certification and suppression/eradication programs

Insects Associated With Butternut and Butternut Canker in Minnesota and Wisconsin

Butternut, Juglans cinerea, is being killed throughout its native range in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. In addition to rain splashed spores, it is thought that the fungus may have spread over long distances to infect widely scattered butternut by insect vectors During surveys in 1995 and 1996 we found several insect species in close association with diseased butternut trees, and spores of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum were isolated in pure culture from the bodies of some of these insects. Potential insect vectors were species in the coleopteran genera Eubulus (Curculionidae), Laemophlaeus (Laemophloeidae), and Glischrochilus (Nitidulidae). Because several insect species become contaminated with fungal spores, further study is needed to determine if any of these insects might transmit the fungus to healthy trees and thereby infect them