1,816 research outputs found
Towards a shared ontology: a generic classification of cognitive processes in conceptual design
Towards addressing ontological issues in design cognition research, this paper presents the first generic classification of cognitive processes investigated in protocol studies on conceptual design cognition. The classification is based on a systematic review of 47 studies published over the past 30 years. Three viewpoints on the nature of design cognition are outlined (search, exploration and design activities), highlighting considerable differences in the concepts and terminology applied to describe cognition. To provide a more unified view of the cognitive processes fundamentally under study, we map specific descriptions of cognitive processes provided in protocol studies to more generic, established definitions in the cognitive psychology literature. This reveals a set of 6 categories of cognitive process that appear to be commonly studied and are therefore likely to be prevalent in conceptual design: (1) long-term memory; (2) semantic processing; (3) visual perception; (4) mental imagery processing; (5) creative output production and (6) executive functions. The categories and their constituent processes are formalised in the generic classification. The classification provides the basis for a generic, shared ontology of cognitive processes in design that is conceptually and terminologically consistent with the ontology of cognitive psychology and neuroscience. In addition, the work highlights 6 key avenues for future empirical research: (1) the role of episodic and semantic memory; (2) consistent definitions of semantic processes; (3) the role of sketching from alternative theoretical perspectives on perception and mental imagery; (4) the role of working memory; (5) the meaning and nature of synthesis and (6) unidentified cognitive processes implicated in conceptual design elsewhere in the literature
Integrating Concepts of Artificial Intelligence in the EO4GEO Body of Knowledge
Ponència del XXIV ISPRS Congress (2022 edition), 6–11 June 2022, Nice, FranceThe EO4GEO Body of Knowledge (BoK) forms a structure of concepts and relationships between them, describing the domain of
Earth Observation and Geo-Information (EO/GI). Each concept carries a short description, a list of key literature references and a set
of associated skills which are used for job profiling and curriculum building. As the EO/GI domain is evolving continuously, the BoK
needs regular updates with new concepts embodying new trends, and deprecating concepts which are not relevant anymore. This paper
presents the inclusion of BoK concepts related to Artificial Intelligence. This broad field of knowledge has links to several applications
in EO/GI. Its connection to concepts, already existing in the BoK, needs special attention. To perform a clean and structural integration
of the cross-cutting domain of AI, first a separate cluster of AI concepts was created, which was then merged with the existing BoK.
The paper provides examples of this integration with specific concepts and examples of training resources in which AI-related concepts
are used. Although the presented structure already provides a good starting point, the positioning of AI within the EO/GI-focussed
BoK needs to be further enhanced with the help of expert calls as part of the BoK update cycle
Understanding Heterogeneous EO Datasets: A Framework for Semantic Representations
Earth observation (EO) has become a valuable source of comprehensive, reliable, and persistent
information for a wide number of applications. However, dealing with the complexity of land cover is
sometimes difficult, as the variety of EO sensors reflects in the multitude of details recorded in several types
of image data. Their properties dictate the category and nature of the perceptible land structures. The data
heterogeneity hampers proper understanding, preventing the definition of universal procedures for content
exploitation. The main shortcomings are due to the different human and sensor perception on objects, as well
as to the lack of coincidence between visual elements and similarities obtained by computation. In order to
bridge these sensory and semantic gaps, the paper presents a compound framework for EO image information
extraction. The proposed approach acts like a common ground between the user's understanding, who is
visually shortsighted to the visible domain, and the machines numerical interpretation of a much wider
information. A hierarchical data representation is considered. At first, basic elements are automatically
computed. Then, users can enforce their judgement on the data processing results until semantic structures
are revealed. This procedure completes a user-machine knowledge transfer. The interaction is formalized as
a dialogue, where communication is determined by a set of parameters guiding the computational process
at each level of representation. The purpose is to maintain the data-driven observable connected to the level
of semantics and to human awareness. The proposed concept offers flexibility and interoperability to users,
allowing them to generate those results that best fit their application scenario. The experiments performed on
different satellite images demonstrate the ability to increase the performances in case of semantic annotation
by adjusting a set of parameters to the particularities of the analyzed data
Data Driven Discovery in Astrophysics
We review some aspects of the current state of data-intensive astronomy, its methods, and some outstanding data analysis challenges. Astronomy is at the forefront of "big data" science, with exponentially growing data volumes and data rates, and an ever-increasing complexity, now entering the Petascale regime. Telescopes and observatories from both ground and space, covering a full range of wavelengths, feed the data via processing pipelines into dedicated archives, where they can be accessed for scientific analysis. Most of the large archives are connected through the Virtual Observatory framework, that provides interoperability standards and services, and effectively constitutes a global data grid of astronomy. Making discoveries in this overabundance of data requires applications of novel, machine learning tools. We describe some of the recent examples of such applications
Tsunami-Related Data: A Review of Available Repositories Used in Scientific Literature
Various organizations and institutions store large volumes of tsunami-related data, whose
availability and quality should benefit society, as it improves decision making before the tsunami
occurrence, during the tsunami impact, and when coping with the aftermath. However, the existing
digital ecosystem surrounding tsunami research prevents us from extracting the maximum benefit
from our research investments. The main objective of this study is to explore the field of data
repositories providing secondary data associated with tsunami research and analyze the current
situation. We analyze the mutual interconnections of references in scientific studies published in the
Web of Science database, governmental bodies, commercial organizations, and research agencies. A
set of criteria was used to evaluate content and searchability. We identified 60 data repositories with
records used in tsunami research. The heterogeneity of data formats, deactivated or nonfunctional
web pages, the generality of data repositories, or poor dataset arrangement represent the most
significant weak points. We outline the potential contribution of ontology engineering as an example
of computer science methods that enable improvements in tsunami-related data management
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