Zone design of specific sizes using adaptive additively weighted voronoi diagrams

Territory or zone design processes entail partitioning a geographic space, organized as a set of areal units, into different regions or zones according to a specific set of criteria that are dependent on the application context. In most cases, the aim is to create zones of approximately equal sizes (zones with equal numbers of inhabitants, same average sales, etc.). However, some of the new applications that have emerged, particularly in the context of sustainable development policies, are aimed at defining zones of a predetermined, though not necessarily similar, size. In addition, the zones should be built around a given set of seeds. This type of partitioning has not been sufficiently researched; therefore, there are no known approaches for automated zone delimitation. This study proposes a new method based on a discrete version of the adaptive additively weighted Voronoi diagram that makes it possible to partition a two-dimensional space into zones of specific sizes, taking both the position and the weight of each seed into account. The method consists of repeatedly solving a traditional additively weighted Voronoi diagram, so that each seed?s weight is updated at every iteration. The zones are geographically connected using a metric based on the shortest path. Tests conducted on the extensive farming system of three municipalities in Castile-La Mancha (Spain) have established that the proposed heuristic procedure is valid for solving this type of partitioning problem. Nevertheless, these tests confirmed that the given seed position determines the spatial configuration the method must solve and this may have a great impact on the resulting partition

Estado del arte en procesos de zonificacion

Los procesos de partición espacial implican la división de un espacio geográfico en diferentes unidades o zonas según un conjunto específico de criterios. En ámbitos relacionados con las ciencias geoespaciales, la delimitación de estas zonas se realiza por agrupación de otras unidades básicas de área existentes en el espacio de trabajo. En este artículo se ofrece una revisión de los métodos de solución diseñados para este tipo de problemas, comenzando por una introducción a las técnicas heurísticas y modelos matemáticos más utilizados desde los años 60, para finalizar describiendo los recientes algoritmos aplicados a diagramas de Voronoi. También se revisan las aplicaciones en las que se han implementado algunos de estos modelos, quedando patente que son herramientas diseñadas para el tratamiento de problemas específicos, dada la dificultad de diseñar modelos genéricos y versátiles para este tipo de particiones espaciales o zonificacione

Personalizacija sadržaja novinskih webskih portala pomoću tehnika izlučivanja informacija i težinskih Voronoievih dijagrama

News web portals present information, in previously defined topic taxonomy, in both multimedia as well as textual format, that cover all aspects of our daily lives. The information presented has a high refresh rate and as such offers a local as well as a global snapshot of the world. This thesis deals with the presentation of information extraction techniques (from web news portals) and their use in standardization of categorization schemes and automatic classification of newly published content. As the personalization method, weighted Voronoi diagrams are proposed. The aim of the study is to create a virtual profile based on the semantic value of information of visited nodes (web pages formatted with HTML language) at the individual level. The results can greatly contribute to the applicability of the personalization data to specific information sources, including various web news portals. Also, by creating a publicly available collection of prepared data future research in this domain is enabled. Scientific contribution of this doctoral thesis is therefore: a universal classification scheme, that is based on the ODP taxonomy data, is developed, a way for information extraction about user preferences, based on the analysis of user behavior data when using the Web browser, is defined, personalization system, based on the weighted Voronoi diagrams, is implemented.Jedan od načina rješavanja problema nastalih hiperprodukcijom informacija je putem personalizacije izvora informacija, u našem slučaju WWW okruženja, kreiranjem virtualnih profila temeljenih na analizi ponašajnih karakteristika korisnika s ciljem gradiranja važnosti informacija na individualnoj bazi. Sama personalizacija je najviše korištena u području pretraživanja informacija. U pregledu dosadašnjih istraživanja valja napomenuti nekoliko različitih pristupa koji su korišteni u personalizaciji dostupnog sadržaja: ontologijski pristupi, kontekstualni modeli, rudarenje podataka. Ti pristupi su najzastupljeniji u pregledanoj literaturi. Analizom literature također je uočen problem nedostatka ujednačene taksonomije pojmova koji se koriste za anotaciju informacijskih čvorova. Prevladavajući pristup anotacijije korištenje sustava označavanja koji se temelji na korisničkom unosu. Pregledani radovi ukazuju da korisnici na različitim sustavima vežu iste anotacije za iste i/ili slične objekte kod popularnih anotacija, da problem sinonima postoji ali da je zanemariv uz dovoljnu količinu podataka te da se anotacije korištene od strane običnih korisnika i stručnjaka domene preklapaju u 52% slučajeva. Ti podaci upućuju na problem nedostatka unificiranog sustava označavanja informacijskog čvora. Sustavi označavanja nose sa sobom veliku količinu "informacijskog šuma" zbog individualne prirode označavanja informacijskog čvora koji je izravno vezan za korisnikovo poznavanje domene informacijskog čvora. Kao potencijalno rješenje ovog uočenog nedostatka predlaže se korištenje postojećih taksonomija definiranih putem web direktorija. Pregled literature, od nekoliko mogućih web direktorija, najviše spominje ODP web direktorij kao najkvalitetniju taksonomiju hijerarhijske domenske kategorizacije informacijskih čvorova. Korištenje ODP kao taksonomije je navedeno unekoliko radova proučenih u sklopu obavljenog predistraživanja. Korištenjem ODP taksonomije za klasifikaciju informacijskih čvorova omogućuje se određivanje domenske pripadnosti. Ta činjenica omogućuje dodjelu vrijednosti pripadnosti informacijskog čvora pojedinoj domeni. S obzirom na kompleksnu strukturu ODP taksonomije (12 hijerarhijskih razina podjele, 17 kategorija na prvoj razini) i velikom broju potencijalnih kategorija, predlaže korištenje ODP taksonomije za klasifikaciju informacijskog čvora do razine 6. Uz uputu o broju hijerarhijskih razina koje se preporučuju za korištenje prilikom analize ODP strukture, također ističe potrebu za dubinskom klasifikacijom dokumenata. Analizom literature primijećeno je da se problemu personalizacije pristupa prvenstveno u domeni pretraživanja informacija putem WWW sučelja te da je personalizacija informacija dostupnih putem web portala slabo istražena. Kroz brojne radove koji su konzultirani prilikom pripreme predistraživačke faze kao izvori podataka za analizu iskorišteni su različiti izvori informacija: serverske log datoteke, osobna povijest pregledavanja putem preglednikovih log datoteka, aplikacije za praćenje korisnikove interakcije sa sustavom , kolačići i drugi. Podaci prikupljeni putem jednog ili više gore navedenih izvora daju nam uvid u individualno kretanje korisnika unutar definiranog informacijskog i vremenskog okvira. U pregledanoj literaturi se tako prikupljeni podaci koriste za personalizaciju informacija no ne na individualnoj razini nego na temelju grupiranja korisnika u tematski slične grupe/cjeline. Cilj ovog rada je testirati postojeće metode, koje su prepoznate od koristi za daljnji rad, te unapređenje tih metoda težinskim Voronoi dijagramima radi ostvarivanja personalizacije na individualnoj razini. Korištenje težinskih Voronoi dijagrama do sada nije zabilježen u literaturi pa samim time predstavlja inovaciju na području personalizacije informacija. Od pomoći će u tom procesu biti i radovi koji se temeljno bave prepoznavanjem uzoraka korištenja informacijskih čvorova, kojih ima značajan broj te se ne mogu svi spomenuti. Postojanje ponašajnog uzorka povezanog bilo s dugoročnim i/ili kratkoročnim podacima o korisnikovu kretanju kroz informacijski prostor omogućuje kvalitetnije filtriranje i personalizaciju dostupnih informacija. S obzirom da je cilj ovog rada prikazati mogućnost individualne personalizacije, prepoznat je potencijal korištenja težinskih Voronoi dijagrama za potrebe izgradnje virtualnog semantičkog profila te personalizaciju informacija

Personalizacija sadržaja novinskih webskih portala pomoću tehnika izlučivanja informacija i težinskih Voronoievih dijagrama

News web portals present information, in previously defined topic taxonomy, in both multimedia as well as textual format, that cover all aspects of our daily lives. The information presented has a high refresh rate and as such offers a local as well as a global snapshot of the world. This thesis deals with the presentation of information extraction techniques (from web news portals) and their use in standardization of categorization schemes and automatic classification of newly published content. As the personalization method, weighted Voronoi diagrams are proposed. The aim of the study is to create a virtual profile based on the semantic value of information of visited nodes (web pages formatted with HTML language) at the individual level. The results can greatly contribute to the applicability of the personalization data to specific information sources, including various web news portals. Also, by creating a publicly available collection of prepared data future research in this domain is enabled. Scientific contribution of this doctoral thesis is therefore: a universal classification scheme, that is based on the ODP taxonomy data, is developed, a way for information extraction about user preferences, based on the analysis of user behavior data when using the Web browser, is defined, personalization system, based on the weighted Voronoi diagrams, is implemented.Jedan od načina rješavanja problema nastalih hiperprodukcijom informacija je putem personalizacije izvora informacija, u našem slučaju WWW okruženja, kreiranjem virtualnih profila temeljenih na analizi ponašajnih karakteristika korisnika s ciljem gradiranja važnosti informacija na individualnoj bazi. Sama personalizacija je najviše korištena u području pretraživanja informacija. U pregledu dosadašnjih istraživanja valja napomenuti nekoliko različitih pristupa koji su korišteni u personalizaciji dostupnog sadržaja: ontologijski pristupi, kontekstualni modeli, rudarenje podataka. Ti pristupi su najzastupljeniji u pregledanoj literaturi. Analizom literature također je uočen problem nedostatka ujednačene taksonomije pojmova koji se koriste za anotaciju informacijskih čvorova. Prevladavajući pristup anotacijije korištenje sustava označavanja koji se temelji na korisničkom unosu. Pregledani radovi ukazuju da korisnici na različitim sustavima vežu iste anotacije za iste i/ili slične objekte kod popularnih anotacija, da problem sinonima postoji ali da je zanemariv uz dovoljnu količinu podataka te da se anotacije korištene od strane običnih korisnika i stručnjaka domene preklapaju u 52% slučajeva. Ti podaci upućuju na problem nedostatka unificiranog sustava označavanja informacijskog čvora. Sustavi označavanja nose sa sobom veliku količinu "informacijskog šuma" zbog individualne prirode označavanja informacijskog čvora koji je izravno vezan za korisnikovo poznavanje domene informacijskog čvora. Kao potencijalno rješenje ovog uočenog nedostatka predlaže se korištenje postojećih taksonomija definiranih putem web direktorija. Pregled literature, od nekoliko mogućih web direktorija, najviše spominje ODP web direktorij kao najkvalitetniju taksonomiju hijerarhijske domenske kategorizacije informacijskih čvorova. Korištenje ODP kao taksonomije je navedeno unekoliko radova proučenih u sklopu obavljenog predistraživanja. Korištenjem ODP taksonomije za klasifikaciju informacijskih čvorova omogućuje se određivanje domenske pripadnosti. Ta činjenica omogućuje dodjelu vrijednosti pripadnosti informacijskog čvora pojedinoj domeni. S obzirom na kompleksnu strukturu ODP taksonomije (12 hijerarhijskih razina podjele, 17 kategorija na prvoj razini) i velikom broju potencijalnih kategorija, predlaže korištenje ODP taksonomije za klasifikaciju informacijskog čvora do razine 6. Uz uputu o broju hijerarhijskih razina koje se preporučuju za korištenje prilikom analize ODP strukture, također ističe potrebu za dubinskom klasifikacijom dokumenata. Analizom literature primijećeno je da se problemu personalizacije pristupa prvenstveno u domeni pretraživanja informacija putem WWW sučelja te da je personalizacija informacija dostupnih putem web portala slabo istražena. Kroz brojne radove koji su konzultirani prilikom pripreme predistraživačke faze kao izvori podataka za analizu iskorišteni su različiti izvori informacija: serverske log datoteke, osobna povijest pregledavanja putem preglednikovih log datoteka, aplikacije za praćenje korisnikove interakcije sa sustavom , kolačići i drugi. Podaci prikupljeni putem jednog ili više gore navedenih izvora daju nam uvid u individualno kretanje korisnika unutar definiranog informacijskog i vremenskog okvira. U pregledanoj literaturi se tako prikupljeni podaci koriste za personalizaciju informacija no ne na individualnoj razini nego na temelju grupiranja korisnika u tematski slične grupe/cjeline. Cilj ovog rada je testirati postojeće metode, koje su prepoznate od koristi za daljnji rad, te unapređenje tih metoda težinskim Voronoi dijagramima radi ostvarivanja personalizacije na individualnoj razini. Korištenje težinskih Voronoi dijagrama do sada nije zabilježen u literaturi pa samim time predstavlja inovaciju na području personalizacije informacija. Od pomoći će u tom procesu biti i radovi koji se temeljno bave prepoznavanjem uzoraka korištenja informacijskih čvorova, kojih ima značajan broj te se ne mogu svi spomenuti. Postojanje ponašajnog uzorka povezanog bilo s dugoročnim i/ili kratkoročnim podacima o korisnikovu kretanju kroz informacijski prostor omogućuje kvalitetnije filtriranje i personalizaciju dostupnih informacija. S obzirom da je cilj ovog rada prikazati mogućnost individualne personalizacije, prepoznat je potencijal korištenja težinskih Voronoi dijagrama za potrebe izgradnje virtualnog semantičkog profila te personalizaciju informacija

Zonificación del espacio por agrupación de unidades superficiales. Aplicación a la gestión de sistemas extensivos del tipo cereal-ovino

RESUMEN Los procesos de diseño de zonas o diseño del territorio implican la partición de un espacio geográfico, organizado en un conjunto de unidades de área, en diferentes regiones o zonas según un conjunto especifico de criterios que varían en función del campo de aplicación. En la mayoría de los casos, el objetivo fundamental consiste en crear zonas de tamaño aproximadamente igual respecto a uno o varios atributos de medida -de carácter cuantitativo- (zonas con igual número de habitantes, igual promedio de ventas...). Sin embargo, están apareciendo nuevas aplicaciones, algunas en el contexto de las políticas de desarrollo sostenible, cuya finalidad es la definición de regiones con un tamaño predeterminado, no necesariamente similar. Además, en estos casos las zonas han de formarse en torno a un conjunto específico de posiciones, semillas o generadores. Este tipo de particiones no han sido lo suficientemente investigadas, de manera que no se conocen modelos de solución para la delimitación automática de las zonas. En esta tesis se ha diseñado un nuevo método basado en una versión discreta del diagrama de Voronoi con peso aditivo adaptativo (DVPAA), que permite la partición de un espacio bidimensional en zonas de un tamaño específico, considerando tanto la posición como el peso de cada uno de los generadores. El método consiste en resolver repetidamente un tradicional diagrama de Voronoi con peso aditivo, de forma que los pesos de cada generador se actualizan en cada iteración. En el proceso de cálculo de distancias se usa una métrica basada en el camino más corto, lo que garantiza que la partición obtenida esté formada por un conjunto de zonas conexas. La heurística diseñada se integra en una aplicación prototipo, desarrollada en un entorno SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica), que permite el trazado automático de zonas según los criterios anteriormente expuestos. Para analizar la viabilidad del método se ha utilizado como caso de estudio la gestión de los recursos pastorales para la ganadería extensiva en tres municipios de Castilla-La Mancha. Las pruebas realizadas ponen de manifiesto que la heurística diseñada, adaptada a los criterios que se plantean en el contexto de la gestión de sistemas extensivos agropecuarios, es válida para resolver este tipo de problemas de partición. El método propuesto se caracteriza por su eficacia en el tratamiento de un gran número de unidades superficiales en formato vectorial, generando soluciones que convergen con relativa rapidez y verifican los criterios establecidos. En el caso estudiado, aunque la posición prefijada de los generadores reduce considerablemente la complejidad del problema, existen algunas configuraciones espaciales de estos elementos para las que el algoritmo no encuentra una solución satisfactoria, poniéndose de manifiesto una de las limitaciones de este modelo. Tal y como se ha podido comprobar, la localización de los generadores puede tener un considerable impacto en la zonificación resultante, por lo que, de acuerdo con Kalcsics et al. (2005), una selección "inadecuada" difícilmente puede generar regiones válidas que verifiquen los criterios establecidos. ABSTRACT Tenitory or zone design processes entail partitioning a geographic space, organized as a set of basic areal units, into different regions or zones according to a specific set of entena that are dependent on the application context. In most cases the aim is to create zones that have approximately equal sizes with respect to one or several measure attributes (zones with equal numbers of inhabitants, same average sales, etc). However, some of the new applications that have emerged, particularly in the context of sustainable development policies, are aimed at defining zones of a predetermined, though not necessarily similar, size. In addition, the zones should be built around a given set of positions, seeds or generators. This type of partitioning has not been sufñciently researched; therefore there are no known approaches for automated zone delimitation. This thesis proposes a new method based on a discrete versión of the Adaptive Additively Weighted Voronoi Diagram (AAWVD) that makes it possible to partition a 2D space into zones of specific sizes, taking both the position and the weight of each (seed) generator into account. The method consists of repeatedly solving a traditional additively weighted Voronoi diagram, so that the weights of each generator are updated at every iteration. The partition s zones are geographically connected nsing a metric based 011 the shortest path. The proposed heuristic lias been included in an application, developed in a GIS environment that allows the automated zone delimitation according to the mentioned criteria. The management of the extensive farming system of three municipalities of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) has been used as study case to analyze the viability of the method. The tests carried out have established that the proposed method, adapted to the criteria of this application field, is valid for solving this type of partition problem. The applied algorithm is capable of handling a high number of vector areal units, generating solutions that converge in a reasonable CPU time and comply with the imposed constraints. Although the complexity of this problem is greatly reduced when the generator's positions are fixed, in many cases, these positions impose a spatial confignration that the algorithm proposed is unable to solve, thus revealing one of the limitations of this method. It has been shown that the location of the generators has a considerable impact on the final solution, so that, as Kalcsics et al. (2005) observed, an "inadequate" selection can hardly generate valid zones that comply with the established criteria

Visualization methods for sustainable planning

In urban planning, both measuring and communicating sustainability are among the most recent concerns. Therefore, the primary emphasis of this thesis concerns establishing metrics and visualization techniques in order to deal with indicators of sustainability. First, this thesis provides a novel approach for measuring and monitoring two indicators of sustainability - urban sprawl and carbon footprints – at the urban neighborhood scale. By designating different sectors of relevant carbon emissions as well as different household categories, this thesis provides detailed information about carbon emissions in order to estimate impacts of daily consumption decisions and travel behavior by household type. Regarding urban sprawl, a novel gridcell-based indicator model is established, based on different dimensions of urban sprawl. Second, this thesis presents a three-step-based visualization method, addressing predefined requirements for geovisualizations and visualizing those indicator results, introduced above. This surface-visualization combines advantages from both common GIS representation and three-dimensional representation techniques within the field of urban planning, and is assisted by a web-based graphical user interface which allows for accessing the results by the public. In addition, by focusing on local neighborhoods, this thesis provides an alternative approach in measuring and visualizing both indicators by utilizing a Neighborhood Relation Diagram (NRD), based on weighted Voronoi diagrams. Thus, the user is able to a) utilize original census data, b) compare direct impacts of indicator results on the neighboring cells, and c) compare both indicators of sustainability visually

Designing efficient and balanced police patrol districts on an urban street network

In police planning, a territory is often divided into several patrol districts with balanced workloads, in order to repress crime and provide better police service. Conventionally, in this districting problem, there is insufficient consideration of the impacts of street networks. In this study, we propose a street-network police districting problem (SNPDP) that explicitly uses streets as basic underlying units. This model defines the workload as a combination of different attributes and seeks an efficient and balanced design of districts. We also develop an efficient heuristic to generate high-quality districting plans in an acceptable time. The capability of the algorithm is demonstrated in comparison to an exact linear programming solver on simulated datasets. The SNPDP model is successfully implemented and tested in a case study in London, and the generated police districts have different characteristics that are consistent with the crime risk and land use distribution. Besides, we demonstrate that SNPDP is superior to an aggregation grid-based model regarding the solution quality. This model has the potential to generate street-based districts with balanced workloads for other districting problems, such as school districting and health care districting

The gerrymandering of educational boundaries and the segregation of American schools : a geospatial analysis

Despite steady and substantial decreases in residential racial/ethnic segregation since the 1960s, public school segregation is increasing steadily. As a result of these trends, schools, which have historically been less segregated than their surrounding neighborhoods, are now becoming more segregated than neighborhoods, underscoring the need for research on the ways in which educational institutions are facilitating segregation. Adopting a “student exchange” framework from the literature on electoral gerrymandering, this study provides initial empirical evidence examining how gerrymandered educational boundaries exacerbate or ameliorate patterns of residential segregation by “zoning in” certain students and “zoning out” others. Using a large, nationally-representative sample of 9,717 school attendance zones and 9,796 school districts, this study employs geospatial analytic techniques to investigate the effects of school attendance zone and school district gerrymandering on the racial/ethnic diversity of schools and districts. The effect of gerrymandering on diversity is assessed by comparing the characteristics of students residing in current boundaries to those residing in the “natural”, compact zone or district that would be expected in the absence of gerrymandering, operationalized as the equal land area circle of Angel and Parent (2011) and convex Voronoi polygons. Analyses reveal that, on average, both school attendance zones and school districts are gerrymandered to “zone out” more racially/ethnically dissimilar students in favor of more racially/ethnically similar students. As a result, schools and districts are significantly more racially and ethnically homogeneous than they would be in the absence of gerrymandering. While gerrymandering serves to segregate students of all races and ethnicities, it particularly serves to exclude blacks and Hispanics from predominantly white schools and districts, reinforcing the historical divisions between these groups. Indeed, estimates suggest that, on average, school attendance zones and school districts are 15% and 14% less black-white diverse, respectively, than would be expected if their boundaries were not gerrymandered. Findings suggest that the gerrymandering of boundaries adds another pernicious layer of segregation to public education institutions, which are already highly segregated by residency. The finding that the gerrymandering of school attendance zones and school districts serves to segregate underscores the importance of educational boundaries as a contemporary mechanism of segregation. However, findings also warrant some optimism. Because attendance zone and district boundaries are modifiable and subject to policy intervention, state standards for boundary compactness and rezoning efforts designed to create more equitable boundaries present cost-effective opportunities to achieve meaningful gains in integration. While changing school district boundaries is less politically feasible than changing school attendance zones, when such windows of opportunity arise, they have the potential to reduce school finance inequities and equalize educational opportunity while also increasing racial/ethnic equity.Educational Administratio

Socio-spatial analysis of small-area need and accessibility of Primary Healthcare Services in Nigeria: A sequential mixed methods study

Ph. D. Thesis.Accessibility of primary healthcare (PHC) services is crucial for maintaining the good health of a population. Not only is health(care) associated with quality of life and socioeconomic productivity, systematic variations in healthcare accessibility are matters of social justice. Consequently, the overall goal of this project is to comprehensively analyze and explain smallarea need and accessibility of PHC services in Nigeria through a case study of Kogi State, with a view to making policy-relevant recommendations. To this end, both quantitative and qualitative methods are synthesized in an ‘explanatory sequential mixed methods research design’, which also features innovative data exploitations. This entails a synergy of: Automated Zone Design method, Spatial Microsimulation Modelling, and Generalized TwoStep Floating Catchment Area method for quantitative analysis as well as qualitative framework thematic analysis, to obtain research findings that are more robust than existing studies. In this way, genuine small-area variations in PHC need and accessibility are revealed and explicated, including extreme Medically Underserved Areas (eMUAs). Urban areas are more accessible than rural areas, as expected. Of senatorial districts, Kogi Central has the best healthcare accessibility because of its topography. Furthermore, these variations are mediated by the extant sub-optimal zoning system in Nigeria, which is a product of problematic historical political processes. Not only are eMUAs both very remote and rural, they also lack basic social amenities. Hence, it is not surprising that research participants expressed a myriad of dire disincentives in meeting their PHC needs. These difficulties can be mitigated by improving the quality of road infrastructure and ensuring an optimal socio-spatial configuration of PHC services. Broad mechanisms of social exclusion are also implicated in causing access-related disutility of PHC. It is therefore crucial that holistic interventions to alleviate social exclusion are enacted, since previous efforts at addressing only proximal concerns of PHC accessibility have proven unsuccessful. Keywords: Primary Healthcare Needs, Spatial Accessibility, Mixed Methods Research, Automated Zone Design, Spatial Microsimulation, Small-Area Variations.Newcastle University Overseas Research Scholarship (NUORS), Research Excellence Academy of the Humanities and Social Science Faculty (HaSS RE