448 research outputs found
IFIP TC8 information systems : Conception, birth and early years
The paper begins by discussing the conception and birth of IFIP TC8 in Amsterdam in 1975 and 1976, describing the roles of the main players (such as IFIP and IFIP ADP). The background in terms of the IFIP organization and its already extant technical committees is reviewed. The birth pains associated with IFIP TC8’s early existence are also explained. The early meetings of TC8 and its Working Groups are discussed. From 1976 to 1986 formally planned events are discussed, with emphasis on the driving forces influencing the TC8 decision process throughout thiese years. The second half of this paper then reviews the background in the IT world (outside IFIP) as it prevailed in the period leading up to 1976. This backgound is examined in terms the of software and hardware technology of the timeThe past and the future of information systems: 1976-2006 and beyondRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI
IFIP TC8 information systems : Conception, birth and early years
The paper begins by discussing the conception and birth of IFIP TC8 in Amsterdam in 1975 and 1976, describing the roles of the main players (such as IFIP and IFIP ADP). The background in terms of the IFIP organization and its already extant technical committees is reviewed. The birth pains associated with IFIP TC8’s early existence are also explained. The early meetings of TC8 and its Working Groups are discussed. From 1976 to 1986 formally planned events are discussed, with emphasis on the driving forces influencing the TC8 decision process throughout thiese years. The second half of this paper then reviews the background in the IT world (outside IFIP) as it prevailed in the period leading up to 1976. This backgound is examined in terms the of software and hardware technology of the timeThe past and the future of information systems: 1976-2006 and beyondRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI
Networked Music Performance in Virtual Reality: Current Perspectives
The ability for musicians to interact face-to-face has been highly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical distancing and travel restrictions have forced teaching, rehearsals, and performances to be moved online. The use of videoconference platforms designed for conversation has also meant accepting their limitations when used in musical contexts. For example, in networked music performance (NMP), low-latency audio is usually transmitted alongside a separate video image. Since videoconference systems usually have a higher degree of in-built delay, the result is that performers often ignore the video image of each other in order to maintain a steady rhythm. If musicians usually avoid looking at each other during NMPs, could virtual reality provide a viable alternative to videoconferencing? In recent years, virtual reality has reemerged as an immersive medium with the ability to bring users together in an online space. However, there is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with realistic acoustic interaction approaches in NMP when virtual reality is used as the visual medium. This paper explores research at the intersection of networked music performance, virtual reality, and virtual environments. It finds that virtual reality as a visual alternative to videoconferencing in NMP is worthy of further investigation and points to priorities for future research
A Field Guide to Genetic Programming
xiv, 233 p. : il. ; 23 cm.Libro ElectrónicoA Field Guide to Genetic Programming (ISBN 978-1-4092-0073-4) is an introduction to genetic programming (GP). GP is a systematic, domain-independent method for getting computers to solve problems automatically starting from a high-level statement of what needs to be done. Using ideas from natural evolution, GP starts from an ooze of random computer programs, and progressively refines them through processes of mutation and sexual recombination, until solutions emerge. All this without the user having to know or specify the form or structure of solutions in advance. GP has generated a plethora of human-competitive results and applications, including novel scientific discoveries and patentable inventions. The authorsIntroduction --
Representation, initialisation and operators in Tree-based GP --
Getting ready to run genetic programming --
Example genetic programming run --
Alternative initialisations and operators in Tree-based GP --
Modular, grammatical and developmental Tree-based GP --
Linear and graph genetic programming --
Probalistic genetic programming --
Multi-objective genetic programming --
Fast and distributed genetic programming --
GP theory and its applications --
Applications --
Troubleshooting GP --
Conclusions.Contents
xi
1 Introduction
1.1 Genetic Programming in a Nutshell
1.2 Getting Started
1.3 Prerequisites
1.4 Overview of this Field Guide I
Basics
2 Representation, Initialisation and GP
2.1 Representation
2.2 Initialising the Population
2.3 Selection
2.4 Recombination and Mutation Operators in Tree-based
3 Getting Ready to Run Genetic Programming 19
3.1 Step 1: Terminal Set 19
3.2 Step 2: Function Set 20
3.2.1 Closure 21
3.2.2 Sufficiency 23
3.2.3 Evolving Structures other than Programs 23
3.3 Step 3: Fitness Function 24
3.4 Step 4: GP Parameters 26
3.5 Step 5: Termination and solution designation 27
4 Example Genetic Programming Run
4.1 Preparatory Steps 29
4.2 Step-by-Step Sample Run 31
4.2.1 Initialisation 31
4.2.2 Fitness Evaluation Selection, Crossover and Mutation Termination and Solution Designation Advanced Genetic Programming
5 Alternative Initialisations and Operators in
5.1 Constructing the Initial Population
5.1.1 Uniform Initialisation
5.1.2 Initialisation may Affect Bloat
5.1.3 Seeding
5.2 GP Mutation
5.2.1 Is Mutation Necessary?
5.2.2 Mutation Cookbook
5.3 GP Crossover
5.4 Other Techniques 32
5.5 Tree-based GP 39
6 Modular, Grammatical and Developmental Tree-based GP 47
6.1 Evolving Modular and Hierarchical Structures 47
6.1.1 Automatically Defined Functions 48
6.1.2 Program Architecture and Architecture-Altering 50
6.2 Constraining Structures 51
6.2.1 Enforcing Particular Structures 52
6.2.2 Strongly Typed GP 52
6.2.3 Grammar-based Constraints 53
6.2.4 Constraints and Bias 55
6.3 Developmental Genetic Programming 57
6.4 Strongly Typed Autoconstructive GP with PushGP 59
7 Linear and Graph Genetic Programming 61
7.1 Linear Genetic Programming 61
7.1.1 Motivations 61
7.1.2 Linear GP Representations 62
7.1.3 Linear GP Operators 64
7.2 Graph-Based Genetic Programming 65
7.2.1 Parallel Distributed GP (PDGP) 65
7.2.2 PADO 67
7.2.3 Cartesian GP 67
7.2.4 Evolving Parallel Programs using Indirect Encodings 68
8 Probabilistic Genetic Programming
8.1 Estimation of Distribution Algorithms 69
8.2 Pure EDA GP 71
8.3 Mixing Grammars and Probabilities 74
9 Multi-objective Genetic Programming 75
9.1 Combining Multiple Objectives into a Scalar Fitness Function 75
9.2 Keeping the Objectives Separate 76
9.2.1 Multi-objective Bloat and Complexity Control 77
9.2.2 Other Objectives 78
9.2.3 Non-Pareto Criteria 80
9.3 Multiple Objectives via Dynamic and Staged Fitness Functions 80
9.4 Multi-objective Optimisation via Operator Bias 81
10 Fast and Distributed Genetic Programming 83
10.1 Reducing Fitness Evaluations/Increasing their Effectiveness 83
10.2 Reducing Cost of Fitness with Caches 86
10.3 Parallel and Distributed GP are Not Equivalent 88
10.4 Running GP on Parallel Hardware 89
10.4.1 Master–slave GP 89
10.4.2 GP Running on GPUs 90
10.4.3 GP on FPGAs 92
10.4.4 Sub-machine-code GP 93
10.5 Geographically Distributed GP 93
11 GP Theory and its Applications 97
11.1 Mathematical Models 98
11.2 Search Spaces 99
11.3 Bloat 101
11.3.1 Bloat in Theory 101
11.3.2 Bloat Control in Practice 104
III
Practical Genetic Programming
12 Applications
12.1 Where GP has Done Well
12.2 Curve Fitting, Data Modelling and Symbolic Regression
12.3 Human Competitive Results – the Humies
12.4 Image and Signal Processing
12.5 Financial Trading, Time Series, and Economic Modelling
12.6 Industrial Process Control
12.7 Medicine, Biology and Bioinformatics
12.8 GP to Create Searchers and Solvers – Hyper-heuristics xiii
12.9 Entertainment and Computer Games 127
12.10The Arts 127
12.11Compression 128
13 Troubleshooting GP
13.1 Is there a Bug in the Code?
13.2 Can you Trust your Results?
13.3 There are No Silver Bullets
13.4 Small Changes can have Big Effects
13.5 Big Changes can have No Effect
13.6 Study your Populations
13.7 Encourage Diversity
13.8 Embrace Approximation
13.9 Control Bloat
13.10 Checkpoint Results
13.11 Report Well
13.12 Convince your Customers
14 Conclusions
Tricks of the Trade
A Resources
A.1 Key Books
A.2 Key Journals
A.3 Key International Meetings
A.4 GP Implementations
A.5 On-Line Resources 145
B TinyGP 151
B.1 Overview of TinyGP 151
B.2 Input Data Files for TinyGP 153
B.3 Source Code 154
B.4 Compiling and Running TinyGP 162
Bibliography 167
Inde
The development and deployment of formal methods in the UK
UK researchers have made major contributions to the technical ideas
underpinning formal approaches to the specification and development of computer
systems. Perhaps as a consequence of this, some of the significant attempts to
deploy theoretical ideas into practical environments have taken place in the
UK. The authors of this paper have been involved in formal methods for many
years and both have tracked a significant proportion of the whole story. This
paper both lists key ideas and indicates where attempts were made to use the
ideas in practice. Not all of these deployment stories have been a complete
success and an attempt is made to tease out lessons that influence the
probability of long-term impact.Comment: This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication.
Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no
longer be accessibl
Economic data bank management in a developing nation
This dissertation describes the results of a research project which was
undertaken at Loughborough University of Technology. The basic objectives of the research project were: (1) to investigate the management elements required for organising the
development of an Economic Data Bank (EDB), with particular emphasis
on the requirements of a developing nation; (2) to investigate the sociological, political and technical implications
associated with organising the development of an EDB in a developing
nation.
A theoretical framework was established for this study. This was dene
after an extensive search and review of literature was performed in the
areas of data and data base management systems, management information
systems, and computer technology in general. [Continues.
An overview of decision table literature.
The present report contains an overview of the literature on decision tables since its origin. The goal is to analyze the dissemination of decision tables in different areas of knowledge, countries and languages, especially showing these that present the most interest on decision table use. In the first part a description of the scope of the overview is given. Next, the classification results by topic are explained. An abstract and some keywords are included for each reference, normally provided by the authors. In some cases own comments are added. The purpose of these comments is to show where, how and why decision tables are used. Other examined topics are the theoretical or practical feature of each document, as well as its origin country and language. Finally, the main body of the paper consists of the ordered list of publications with abstract, classification and comments.
- …