An exploratory study of Facebook intensity and its links to narcissism, stress, and self-esteem

Facebook use has become a popular social activity. More intensive use of Facebook may increase the risk of health problems. Research suggests that high levels of stress and low levels of self-esteem are linked to Facebook intensity usage, however, these findings have been inconsistent, as studies also suggest the opposite or no links at all. This exploratory study examined whether narcissism, stress and self-esteem could predict Facebook intensity, and whether a short session on Facebook could produce immediate psychological effects. A sample of 163 Facebook users completed an online survey, engaged in a short Facebook session and then completed another online survey. Regression analysis revealed that narcissism, stress and self-esteem were found to significantly predict Facebook intensity with stress being a significant predictor within the model. Facebook use significantly increased self-esteem scores amongst the participants. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and theory.N/

Narcissism and social media : The role of communal narcissism

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzer-.Agentic narcissism and vulnerable narcissism have been widely studied in relation to social media use. However, with research on communal narcissism in its early stages, the current study examines communal narcissism in relation to social media use. Specifically, the current study investigates whether communal narcissism is related to use and frequency of use of the popular social networking sites Instagram, Reddit and Twitter, and if communal narcissism relates to the importance of receiving feedback and to the quality-rating of self-presented content on those plat-forms. A total of 334 individuals were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, with two-thirds being male (66.7%). A regression analysis showed that communal narcissism was related to in-creased use of Instagram and Twitter but not Reddit. Sharing content, the importance of feedback and better than average ratings had positive associations with communal narcissism. The relationship between communal narcissism and sharing on social media was fully mediated by wanting validation on social media and higher ratings of self-presented content. Communal narcissism had a notably strong relationship with wanting validation on all platforms and our results suggest that communal narcissism might be especially relevant in the context of social media use.Peer reviewe

A Study of The Direct and Indirect Relationships between Online Disinhibition and Depression and Stress Being Mediated by The Frequency of Cyberbullying from Victim and Perpetrator Perspectives

This study attempted to investigate the direct and indirect influences of online disinhibition effect on university students’ levels of depression and stress, being mediated by their reported frequency of cyberbullying as victim and perpetrator. A total of 217 students completed a survey questionnaire consisting of a demographics section, the Online Disinhibition Scale (Udris, 2014) to measure benign online disinhibition and toxic online disinhibition, the Cyberbullying Scale (Patchin & Hinduja, 2010) to measure cyberbullying as victim and perpetrator, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) to measure depression and stress levels. Results revealed that the participants’ reported mean score of benign online disinhibition (i.e., helpful and prosocial behaviors) was higher than that of toxic online disinhibition (i.e., hurtful and denigrating behaviors). Results of path analysis showed that the participants’ reported level of toxic online disinhibition has both direct and indirect influences on their reported levels of depression and stress. In terms of direct influence, it was found that the higher the participants’ reported level of toxic online disinhibition, the higher their reported levels of depression and stress. The results also showed that in terms of indirect influence, the higher the participants’ reported level of toxic online disinhibition, the more they reported themselves as being victims of cyberbullying and, subsequently, the higher their reported levels of depression and stress. The participants’ reported level of benign online disinhibition was not found to be significantly associated with their reported levels of depression and stress, either directly or indirectly

Content validity of a scale to measure parental mediation in the use of technologies in adolescents

La mediación parental es un elemento importante en la formación de la ciudadanía digital en los adolescentes. El presente estudio se propuso analizar la validez de contenido de una escala para medir la mediación parental en el uso de las tecnologías por adolescentes. Se utilizó el juicio de expertos aplicando el método de agregados individuales. Participaron en el estudio siete jueces con experiencia en la investigación acerca de la mediación parental o la ciudadanía digital. Los resultados del coeficiente de validez de contenido sugieren la no inclusión de cuatro ítems en la escala. La nueva versión se conformó con 25 ítems con adecuada validez de contenido. Se concluyó que la escala cuenta con evidencias de validez de contenido suficientes para ser utilizada en la medición del constructo en adolescentes mexicanosParental mediation is an important element in the adolescent’s digital citizenship formation. The present study aimed to analyze the content validity of a parental mediation scale in the technologies use by adolescents. Expert judgment was used applying the individual aggregation method. Seven judges with experience in research about parental mediation or digital citizenship participated in the study. The results of the content validity coefficient suggest the non-inclusion of four items in the scale. The new version was conformed of 26 items with adequate content validity. It was concluded that the scale has sufficient evidence of content validity to be used in the measurement of the construct in Mexican adolescent

It\u27s All About Me: How Self-Brand Connection and Social Media Interactivity Influence Purchase Intent

Social media is ubiquitous and allows consumers to display identity by through possessions through posts, images, and interactions. The self is all the individual calls their own and is expressed outwardly through everything visible, including possessions, relationships, and interactions. They tell their story through the display of envy-inducing artifacts, and create a perfect, photoshopped life. Consumers seek a connection to positively viewed brands they feel are self-representative through interaction. This dissertation seeks to better understand consumer rationale for and gratification from online brand engagement and how that, in turn, impacts the brand. Three studies examined the effects of self-brand connection, narcissism, brand status, and interactivity to better understand their effect on purchase intent. Study 1 measured the effect of narcissism, self-brand connection, and likelihood to interact on Social media impact purchase intent. Results indicated narcissism, or concern public perception, positively moderated the relationships between self-brand connection and purchase intent, and likelihood to interact on purchase intent. Results showed self-brand connection mediated the relationship between Social value of a brand and likelihood to interact. Study 2 extended the results to examine the effect of brand status. As narcissists are concerned with others’ perceptions and desire to be associated with high status, Study 2 added the variable of status. Results showed a positive relationship between self-consciousness and self-brand connection, as moderated by brand Social value, with self-brand connection also mediating the relationship between Social value and likelihood to interact. Last, product status moderated the relationship between likelihood to interact and purchase intent. Based on those results, Study 3 added interactivity with a brand to better understand the effect on purchase intent. Interactivity and self-brand connection both positively mediated the relationship on status and purchase intent, but it depended on the level of Social value. Understanding the effect of consumer-brand interaction is critical to marketers spending key advertising dollars online, as it is a hallmark of identity. Online behavior helps shape the digital self, which partly depends on Social interactions. As consumers develop their relationship to a brand, they are more apt to purchase those products to continue incorporating them into their lives

Facebook: Shifting Privacy, Identity, and Power Online

Due to staggering technological shifts in recent decades, the Internet has become a routine fixture in everyday life. The popularity of social networking sites, in particular, raises myriad questions regarding identity construction and social interaction. It is also unclear how these practices are related to perceptions of privacy. This dissertation examines how traditional notions of privacy compare, and apply, to privacy on the Internet and considers how issues of power are (re)created in online spaces. By focusing on identity enactment strategies and social connectivity practices, this work sheds light on the ways in which individuals define privacy and choose to engage online. This analysis also investigates how current public discourses, which emphasize users\u27 ignorance to privacy threats online and the detrimental effects of social media on interpersonal interaction, map onto user experiences. The findings stem from an online focus group with twenty Facebook users coupled with five individual interviews with researchers, legal experts, and artists whose work centers on social media. This project constructs a psychology of privacy that helps fill in existing gaps in the research on what is now happening on the social networking site, Facebook. The findings challenge familiar tendencies to pursue research agendas premised on binary frameworks, such as isolation versus connection and authentic versus inauthentic identities. Instead, the data highlight the novel forms of connectivity and identity practices that transpire online. As such, the data add to existing research that accentuates how online practices serve to enhance social connections and allow for a multiplicity of identity. Further, undermining some of the assumptions woven throughout public discourses concerning privacy invasions online, this dissertation demonstrates that users adopt innovative strategies for maintaining personal levels of comfort with respect to privacy online and reveals that perceptions of privacy are largely rooted in the ability to trust fellow users with personal information. Individual actions of marking boundaries with respect to what, and with whom, users share online provide the material with which researchers can construct new, dynamic definitions of personal privacy in virtual contexts

Taiwanese girls’ self-portraiture on a social networking site

An increasing number of young girls produce contents in social media on a everyday basis for the opportunities to express, explore and connect. Public misunderstanding and concern are about whether girls are being narcissistic and vain. Academic works address how girls exercise agency while negotiating structure in the construction of their gendered adolescent identities. This thesis is situated in relation to our hopes and fears about girls’ self-representation through digital media production, and examines the role that photographic self-portraiture plays in girls’ social relations, personal and gender identity work. The theoretical framework combines the perspectives of gender performativity and symbolic interactionism, supplemented by analyses of personal photography. This thesis chose as its case study the popular Taiwanese social networking site Wretch, and employed a mixed method of quantitative content analysis of 2000 self-portraits of teenagers to understand how they represent themselves, and qualitative online interviews with 42 girls aged 13-20 to learn about their relationships with self-portraiture. The content analysis shows that most teenagers represent themselves in a gender stereotypical manner, while some adopt non gender-specific styles to represent themselves as friendly, suggesting that teenagers may use ideals about femininity, masculinity and sociality as shortcuts to present themselves in a positive light. Interview findings reveal how girls use camera technologies and the affordance of SNS for visual self-disclosure, which isimportant for the development of theirinterpersonal relationships. The findings also suggest that self-portraiture is not simply an act of photographing a ‘reality’ of the self, but of formulating self-image(s) and identity in the process of making self-portraits. In self-portraiture, girls are constantly confronted with the ‘who am I’ question, and construct and revise their biographies as they manage an array of audiences from different contexts all collapsing in one space. Furthermore, selfportraiture creates a distance between the ‘I’ and the ‘me’, allowing one to ‘play’ with self-image(s) and identity. It creates a space for the negotiation of ideals and anxieties, for experiments with different subject positions that may be socially or individually rewarding, and it is through these seemingly casual endeavoursthat one gradually works out their position in the social world. The thesis contributes to the scholarship on girls’ media culture, and suggests current theoretical perspective be expanded in order to better understand different ways of ‘doing girlhood’