Pragmatic Languages with Universal Grammars

This paper shows the existence of an equilibrium pragmatic Language with a universal grammar as a coordination device under communication misunderstandings. Such a language plays a key role in achieving efficient outcomes in those Sender-Receiver games where there may exist noisy information transmission. The Language is pragmatic in the sense that the Receiver’ best response depends on the context, i.e, on the payoffs and on the initial probability distribution of the states of nature of the underlying game. The Language has a universal grammar because the coding rule does not depend on such specific parameters and can then be applied to any Sender-Receiver game with noisy communication.grammar, pragmatic language, prototypes, separating equilibria

Inductive Proof Method for Computational Secrecy

We investigate inductive methods for proving secrecy properties of network protocols, in a ``computational setting applying a probabilistic polynomial-time adversary. As in cryptographic studies, our secrecy properties assert that no probabilistic polynomial-time distinguisher can win a suitable game presented by a challenger. Our method for establishing secrecy properties uses inductive proofs of computational trace-based properties, and axioms and inference rules for relating trace-based properties to non-trace-based properties. We illustrate the method, which is formalized in a logical setting that does not require explicit reasoning about computational complexity, probability, or the possible actions of the attacker, by giving a modular proof of computational authentication and secrecy properties of the Kerberos V5 protocol

Role of the social and physical neighbourhood environment in physical activity in deprived communities

Physical activity is associated with numerous physical and psychosocial health benefits, yet population levels in the United Kingdom remain low, particularly in lower socioeconomic groups. Socioecological models posit that social and physical environments have independent and interactive influences on physical activity. Although a growing body of literature has examined the independent effect of aspects of the social and physical environment, interactive effects are rarely assessed. In addition, there is limited research specifically examining independent or interactive environmental influences in populations vulnerable to lower levels of physical activity, such as those living in neighbourhoods with high levels of deprivation. This thesis examines the association between quality of the neighbourhood physical environment (aesthetics, maintenance, physical disorder) and social environment (cohesion, safety, social interaction, support, trust, empowerment) on physical activity in adults living in income-deprived communities, using Glasgow as a case study. Cross-sectional analyses, conducted using a socioecological approach, suggested independent and interactive effects of objectively measured physical environmental factors and perceived social environmental factors on neighbourhood-based walking and moderate physical activity. Longitudinal analyses found little evidence that changes in environmental measures predict change in self-reported walking. However, qualitative analyses provided insight into potential causal pathways through a system of interacting environmental factors. Together, findings from this thesis suggest a role for the quality of the neighbourhood physical and social environment on activity, providing some evidence of interactive effects of the neighbourhood social and physical environment. Further research is needed to elucidate causal relationships between the quality of the neighbourhood environment and physical activity. Findings call for a complex systems approach to understanding contextual environmental effects on physical activity in deprived communities

The development of trust at multiple levels in strategic alliances

Most of prior multilevel studies on trust in inter-organizational relationships place much emphasis on specifying the level of analysis at which trust occurs (i.e. individual, group, or organization level) while overlooking the level of management, which refers to the hierarchical echelons within an organization. In addition, more often than not, the inter-organizational context where trust develops is not specified. Integrating both levels-of-analysis and levels-of-management perspectives, the dissertation investigates the distinctive trust dynamics at two hierarchical echolons, to understand the cross-level interaction between these echelons which leads to the establishment of shared trust in the partner organization and the formation of organization-level trust, and to contemplate the factors that might lead to within-organization trust heterogeneity. The focus on the management level also enables to discern contingencies associated with the trust development process in horizontal alliances as opposed to vertical alliances. Adopting the case stud method, the alliance between KLM and Northwest Airlines is investigated to illustrate key concepts in the developed theoretical framework and to buld a stronger case for future large-scale empirical studies.:CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Motivation for the dissertation 1.2. Objectives of the dissertation 1.3. Key contributions of the dissertation 1.4. Structure of the dissertation CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 The concept of trust in strategic alliances 2.1.1 Definition of trust 2.1.2 Levels of trust 2.1.3 Trust development in strategic alliances 2.2 Boundary spanning roles in strategic alliances 2.2.1 Nature of boundary spanning roles in strategic alliances 2.2.2 Hierarchical perspective on boundary spanning roles CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMING 3.1 Theoretical model of trust development in strategic alliances 3.1.1 Initiation stage 3.1.2 Negotiation stage 3.1.3 Formation stage 3.1.4 Implementation stage 3.2 Boundary condition of trust development 3.2.1 Interpersonal-level characteristics 3.2.2 Firm-level characteristics 3.2.3 Alliance-level characteristics 3.3 Discussion 3.3.1 Integration of level of analysis and level of management 3.3.2 Within-organization trust homogeneity vs. heterogeneity 3.3.3 Context of analysis: vertical alliances vs. horizontal alliances CHAPTER 4: ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDY 4.1 Objective of the empirical study 4.2 Rationale for case study methodology 4.3 Research Design 4.3.1 Data collection 4.3.2 Data analysis 4.3.3 Validity and reliability of the study 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Alliance background 4.4.2 Impact of corporate-level trust on operating-level trust 4.4.3 Influence of operating-level trust on corporate-level trust CHAPTER 5: IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Implications of the dissertation 5.2 Limitations of the dissertation 5.3 Conclusion REFERENCES APPENDI

What is truth?

I defend the correspondence theory of truth, according to which a statement’s truth consists in a relation of correspondence with extralinguistic fact. There are well-known objections to this view, which I consider and rebut, and also important rival accounts, principal among which are so-called deflationist theories and epistemic theories. Epistemic theories relate the concept of truth to our state of knowledge, but fail, I argue, to respect the crucial distinction between a criterion of truth and the meaning of truth: the view that one cannot do semantics, or metaphysics, without addressing epistemic issues is rejected by this work. Against epistemic theories, I illustrate how truth is independent of epistemic considerations. Deflationism is the more popular of the rival accounts and has gained considerable momentum over the past two decades. It is therefore dealt with in greater detail by this work. Deflationist theories exploit the paradigmatic ‘“Snow is white” is true iff snow is white’ biconditional to argue for an insubstantialist account, according to which truth is conservative with respect to non-semantical facts. On this view, truth’s raison d’être is merely to perform the useful expressive function of generalising over possibly infinite sets of assertions. Against deflationist theories, I claim that the work done by Jeffrey Ketland and Stewart Shapiro conclusively demonstrates how truth is informationally additive over non-semantic facts, while deflationism itself is also an excessively impoverishing theory, inadequate to the tasks it purports to accomplish. This work also defends the thesis that Alfred Tarski’s well-known theory of truth is an authentic correspondence theory. To say this is to say that the clauses of a Tarskian truth-definition can be interpreted in terms of a relation of correspondence that holds between true sentences and the states of affairs they describe. I provide a precise account of what the correspondence in question consists in, claiming that true sentences are homomorphic images of facts, i.e. a true sentence represents, in a form-preserving manner, the truth-making facts in it. This gives precise expression to Wittgenstein’s thesis that true sentences picture the world

Portraits, Likenesses, Composites? Facial Difference in Forensic Art

The police composite sketch is arguably the most fundamental example of forensic art, and one which enjoys considerable cultural prominence. Intended to produce a positive identification of a specific individual, composites are a form of visual intelligence rather than hard evidence. Based on verbal descriptions drawn from memory deriving from highly contingent and possibly traumatic events, composites are by definition unique and precarious forensic objects, representing an epistemological paradox in their definition as simultaneous ‘artistic impression’ and ‘pictorial statement’. And despite decades of operational use, only in recent years has the field of cognitive psychology begun to fully understand and address the conditions that affect recognition rates both positively and negatively. How might composites contribute to our understanding of representational concepts such as ‘likeness’ and ‘accuracy’? And what role does visual medium – drawn, photographic or computerized depiction – play in the legibility of these images? Situated within the broader context of forensic art practices, this paper proceeds from an understanding that the face is simultaneously crafted as an analogy of the self and a forensic technology. In other words, the face is a space where concepts of identification and identity, sameness and difference (often uncomfortably) converge. With reference to selected examples from laboratory research, field application and artistic practice, I consider how composites, through their particular techniques and form, contribute to subject-making, and how they embody the fugitive, in literal and figurative terms

A mixed methods examination of the antecedents of user self-disclosure on digital health platforms

Digital health platforms (DHPs) present the opportunity for individuals to manage their personal health more effectively through seeking and obtaining health advice. However, little is known about the factors that influence self-disclosure on these platforms and are therefore critical for their success. This research proposes that self-disclosure on a DHP is influenced by trust in health platforms (THP) and health information privacy concerns (HIPC) across different cultures and personalities. Using data from Ireland and the United States, it develops a framework that harnesses social exchange theory (SET) and social penetration theory (SPT) as a lens to understand self-disclosure on DHPs. It examines the factors that generate THP and HIPC. It then determines the influence of THP and HIPC on self-disclosure. Finally, the model offers a unique look at the role of personality traits and the influence they have on likelihood to self-disclose. A two-stage mixed-methods data collection approach was employed to explore these propositions. Quantitative surveys were used to collect data from 300 participants in Ireland and America. 20 qualitative research interviews were then conducted with Irish and American participants. The quantitative and qualitative findings were then integrated and evaluated in the context of the hypothesised relationships. The integrated findings show THP is the critical pathway to self-disclosure. THP is shaped by social influence, perceived reciprocity and privacy risk beliefs. HIPC is shown to reduce THP. Personality traits also influence self-disclosure. This study extends SET and SPT to a digital health platform context. The findings provide actionable insights, which can assist policy makers who wish to protect citizen health data and health technology vendors who seek to develop trustworthy platforms

Management of Knowledge Representation Standards Activities

This report describes the efforts undertaken over the last two years to identify the issues underlying the current difficulties in sharing and reuse, and a community wide initiative to overcome them. First, we discuss four bottlenecks to sharing and reuse, present a vision of a future in which these bottlenecks have been ameliorated, and describe the efforts of the initiative's four working groups to address these bottlenecks. We then address the supporting technology and infrastructure that is critical to enabling the vision of the future. Finally, we consider topics of longer-range interest by reviewing some of the research issues raised by our vision