5 research outputs found

    The Effect of Screen Size on Students’ Cognitive Load in Mobile Learning

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    Mobile learning is becoming a crucial tool in this era of face-to-face shutdown of education, and however the whole process currently faces a significant deficiency due to the kind of cognitive load that does exist and its relation with mobile device screen display size.Β It is well-established that certain screen sizes are more effective than others.Β This study aims to investigate the effect of screen size on students’ cognitive load in mobile learning. Specifically, it investigates whether screen size has a role in cognitive role and draws a comparison to reflect on the most effective size to be used in the context of mobile learning. Other factors that might interfere in the process were also investigated which include course content, gender, age, and students' GPA to see whether they play any additional role in burdening the cognitive load when using different screen sizes. To test the effect of screen size on cognitive load, an online survey was distributed to 1,570 students of the University of Jeddah who are studying at the foundation year for the academic year of 2018-2018, particularly for eight online courses. The sample was chosen randomly, where all members of the population, 6,500 students, had equal opportunities to participate in the study. Participants were invited via e-mail by sending an invitation to participate along with the questionnaire link on the "Qualrrics" platform. This research data analysis technique used ANOVA and curve estimation. The research findings revealed that small screen display size produces the lowest cognitive load as compared with larger display screens. This study also supports the use mobile learning process and gives recommendations to the instructional designers in order to make learning experiences more effective. The results of this study suggest a proper use of screen size can improve learning from smartphones, making them equal to learning from laptops and reducing the overloaded cognitive load that may affect students' understanding and hinder retention. Hence, implications were discussed, and further research recommendations were then provided

    Performance, workload, and usability in a multiscreen, multi-device, information-rich environment

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    Potential benefits of multiscreen and multiple device environments were assessed using three different computing environments. A single factor, within-subject study was conducted with 18 engineering students in a laboratory experiment. Three levels for the computing environment factor included one with a desktop computer with a single monitor (control, condition A); one with a desktop with dual monitors, as well as a single tablet computer (condition B); and one with a desktop with a single monitor, as well as two tablet computers (condition C). There was no statistically significant difference in efficiency or workload when completing scenarios for the three computing environments. However, a dual monitor desktop with a single tablet computer (B) was the ideal computing environment for the information-rich engineering problem given to participants, supported by significantly fewer errors compared to condition C and significantly higher usability ratings compared to conditions A and C. A single desktop monitor with two tablet computers (C) did not provide any advantage compared to a single desktop monitor (A)

    Increasing independence in children with autism spectrum disorders using video self modeling.

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    Independent task completion was examined using a multiple probe across participants research design for three students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) functioning in an inclusive classroom. Results were positive and suggest that video self-modeling (VSM) is a viable solution to decrease prompt dependence and increase independence and task completion for students with an ASD. Participants quickly reached criterion, generalized behavior, and maintained skills after four weeks at 80-100% independence. Social validity of VSM was also measured by surveying teachers and students and found clear variations between general and special education teachers regarding their perceptions of the independence of students as a result of the VSM. This study also revealed the discrepancy between the levels of prompting between general education and special education teachers

    The Influences of Individualized Learning Adapted to Students Conception and Small Group Learning Using Smart Devices in Secondary Chemistry Classes

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ κ³Όν•™κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό, 2017. 8. λ…Ένƒœν¬.슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ— ν™œμš©ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ‹œλ„κ°€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ 이루어지고 μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ 방법에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ³Όν•™ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ 방법을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ꡐ수 νš¨κ³Όμ™€ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 학생듀 κ°„μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 양상을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ β… μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό κ°œλ… 이해도, κ°œλ… νŒŒμ§€, ν•™μ—… 성취도, ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 즐거움, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ˜ ν•œ 남녀 곡학 쀑학ꡐ 1ν•™λ…„ 4개 ν•™κΈ‰(112λͺ…)을 ν†΅μ œ 집단과 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜κ³ , 7μ°¨μ‹œ λ™μ•ˆ λΆ„μžμ˜ μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이원 κ³΅λ³€λŸ‰ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ κ°œλ… 검사, κ°œλ… νŒŒμ§€ 검사, κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기 검사, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 즐거움 κ²€μ‚¬μ˜ μ μˆ˜κ°€ ν†΅μ œ 집단에 λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€(p<.01). ν•™μ—… 성취도 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ μ μˆ˜κ°€ ν†΅μ œ 집단보닀 λ†’μ•˜μœΌλ‚˜ κ·Έ 차이가 ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식도 긍정적인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 연ꡬ β…‘μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ 고등학ꡐ ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ μš©ν•˜κ³ , κ·Έ 효과λ₯Ό ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν•™μ—… 성취도, κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ— μ†Œμž¬ν•œ 남녀 곡학 고등학ꡐ 2ν•™λ…„ 4개 ν•™κΈ‰(133λͺ…)을 ν†΅μ œ 집단과 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ 무선 λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ 방법은 ν˜‘λ ₯적 ν™œλ™μ§€ μž‘μ„±μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μˆ˜μ—… μ²˜μΉ˜λŠ” μ‚°κ³Ό 염기와 쀑화 λ°˜μ‘μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 6μ°¨μ‹œ λ™μ•ˆ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μˆ˜μ—… 처치 ν›„, ν•™μ—… 성취도 검사, ν•™μŠ΅ 동기 검사, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„ 검사, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 검사λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이원 κ³΅λ³€λŸ‰ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, ν•™μ—… 성취도 검사 μ μˆ˜μ—μ„œ 사전 ν™”ν•™ μ„±μ·¨λ„μ™€μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€(p<.05). 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ ν•˜μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀이 μƒμœ„ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 도움을 받을 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ Έμ„œ 성취도가 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆμ„ 수 μžˆλ‹€. ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„μ—μ„œ 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ ꡐ정 평균이 ν†΅μ œ 집단에 λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€(p<.01). 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식도 긍정적인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이와 같은 연ꡬ β…‘μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ΄ 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— 따라 ν•™μ—… 성취도에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯이 닀름을 보여주고, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 학생듀 κ°„μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ 쑰사할 ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. 이에 연ꡬ β…’μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 학생 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© μœ ν˜•μ„ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜κ³ , 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 양상을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ˜ ν•œ 남녀 곡학 κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 이질적으둜 κ΅¬μ„±λœ 4개의 μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨(고등학ꡐ 2ν•™λ…„ 16λͺ…)이 연ꡬ에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ λ…ΉμŒ 및 λ…Ήν™”ν•˜κ³  기둝 원고λ₯Ό μž‘μ„±ν•œ λ’€ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 학생듀 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ κ°œλ³„ μ§„μˆ κ³Ό μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λ‹¨μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ 학생 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ 과제 κ΄€λ ¨ μ§„μˆ μ˜ λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’μ•˜λŠ”λ°, 특히 정보 μ„€λͺ…, 정보 질문, κΈ°μ€€ λ°˜μ„±μ˜ λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. λ°©ν–₯ μ„€λͺ…, κΈ°μ€€ λ°˜μ„± μ§„ν–‰μ—μ„œλŠ” 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€ μƒμœ„ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ§„μˆ  λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³ , λ°©ν–₯ 질문, 정보 μ„€λͺ…μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•˜μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ§„μˆ  λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©λ‹¨μœ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 지식 ꡬ성 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 쀑 λŒ€μΉ­μ  정ꡐ화 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ λΉˆλ„κ°€ κ°€μž₯ λ†’μ•˜λŠ”λ°, 특히 λˆ„μ ν˜•κ³Ό ν‰κ°€ν˜•μ΄ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 결둠적으둜 쀑등 ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 정보와 μ§€μ‹μ˜ 곡유λ₯Ό μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ€ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인지적, μ •μ˜μ  츑면에 긍정적인 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ μƒμœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀은 ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ κ²€ν•˜λŠ” 언어적 행동을 주둜 λ³΄μ˜€κ³ , 기쑴의 μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ μƒμœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀이 ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ£Όλ„ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” 달리 ν•˜μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀도 슀슀둜 정보λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κ³  μ œκ³΅ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 과제 해결에 적극적으둜 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ΄ μ‹€μ œ κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 효과적인 κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©λ²•μž„μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€.제 1 μž₯. μ„œ λ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 1 2. 연ꡬ 문제 7 3. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œμ  9 4. μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ˜ 11 제 2 μž₯. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½κ³Ό μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 12 1. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅ 12 1.1 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 12 (1) μ •λ³΄ν†΅μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ˜ λ°œμ „μ— λ”°λ₯Έ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©λ²•μ˜ λ³€ν™” 12 (2) λͺ¨λ°”일 λŸ¬λ‹κ³Ό 슀마트 λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ κ°œλ… 14 (3) 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό μœ ν˜• 20 (4) 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 26 1.2 κ³Όν•™ ꡐ윑과 슀마트 기기의 ν™œμš© 34 (1) κ³Όν•™ κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 34 (2) κ³Όν•™ κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš©μ˜ 효과적인 λ°©μ•ˆ 37 2. κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© 방법 40 2.1 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 40 2.2 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 46 3. μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© 방법 51 3.1 μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 51 3.2 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 52 제 3 μž₯. 쀑학ꡐ ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 효과 (연ꡬ β… ) 58 1. μ„œλ‘  58 2. 연ꡬ 방법 60 2.1 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 60 2.2 연ꡬ 단원 61 2.3 연ꡬ 섀계와 연ꡬ 절차 61 2.4 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅ 방법 64 2.5 검사 도ꡬ 72 2.6 뢄석 방법 74 3. 연ꡬ 결과와 λ…Όμ˜ 74 3.1 톡계 뢄석을 μœ„ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ κ°€μ • κ²€ν†  74 3.2 κ°œλ… 이해도 및 κ°œλ… νŒŒμ§€μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 76 3.3 ν•™μ—… 성취도에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 77 3.4 κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 78 3.5 κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 즐거움에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 80 3.6 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식 81 4. κ²°λ‘  82 제 4 μž₯. 고등학ꡐ ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 효과(연ꡬ β…‘) 84 1. μ„œλ‘  84 2. 연ꡬ 방법 86 2.1 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 86 2.2 연ꡬ 단원 87 2.3 연ꡬ 섀계와 연ꡬ 절차 87 2.4 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ 방법 90 2.5 검사 도ꡬ 92 2.6 뢄석 방법 94 3. 연ꡬ 결과와 λ…Όμ˜ 95 3.1 톡계 뢄석을 μœ„ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ κ°€μ • κ²€ν†  95 3.2 ν•™μ—… 성취도에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 97 3.3 κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 99 3.4 κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 101 3.5 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식 102 4. κ²°λ‘  103 제 5 μž₯. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ ν•™μƒμ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 뢄석(연ꡬ β…’) 105 1. μ„œλ‘  105 2. 연ꡬ 방법 107 2.1 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 107 2.2 연ꡬ 상황 108 2.3 연ꡬ 절차 109 2.4 뢄석 방법 112 (1) 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ 뢄석 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 뢄석틀 112 (2) 자료 뢄석 방법 121 3. 연ꡬ 결과와 λ…Όμ˜ 122 3.1 κ°œλ³„ μ§„μˆ μ˜ 일반적 양상 122 3.2 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ κ°œλ³„ μ§„μˆ μ˜ 양상 비ꡐ 124 3.3 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 양상 127 4. κ²°λ‘  129 제 6 μž₯. κ²°λ‘ κ³Ό μ œμ–Έ 131 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μš”μ•½ 131 2. κ²°λ‘ κ³Ό μ œμ–Έ 134 3. μΆ”ν›„ 연ꡬ 과제 135 μ°Έκ³  λ¬Έν—Œ 138 λΆ€ 둝 157 ABSTRACT 176Docto
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