20 research outputs found

    Monitoring the reliability of integrated circuits protection against Trojans: encoding and decoding of combinational structures

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    Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ особСнности ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ логичСского кодирования ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм, основанный Π½Π° описании Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ структуры Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ свСдСнии Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΊ КНЀ-выполнимости. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ для дСкодирования структуры Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ устройства ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ структурная рСализация Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, получСнная, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ проСктирования (проСктирования ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ физичСский ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, Π² Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚ нСсанкционированного доступа ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ящика. Основная идСя Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π° состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ, Π½Π΅ прибСгая ΠΊ исслСдованиям Π½Π° большом ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. The paper discusses the features and reliability of logical coding of combinational circuits. An algorithm for cracking the code of combinational circuits is proposed, based on the description of encoded structure by the resolution function and reducing the problem to SAT CNF. The initial data for decoding the structure of a digital device is the structural implementation of encoded circuit, obtained, for example, by reverse engineering (prototype design), as well as an activated physical sample of an integrated circuit, when into protected from unauthorized access memory the correct key value is loaded. This sample can be used as a black box model. The main idea of breaking a key is to solve a problem without research on a large interval of values of input and output variables

    ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ надСТности Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм ΠΎΡ‚ троянов: ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… структур

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    Integrated circuits, systems on a chip are the key links in various industrial systems and state defense systems. The emergence of counterfeit integrated circuits, problems of piracy, overproduction, unauthorized interference in the design of microcircuit, hardware Trojans require the development of methods and means of their timely detection. Trojans can be introduced into the integrated circuits structure both on the development stage and during the production process, including the stages of specification, design, verification and manufacturing. The inclusion of additional elements in the integrated circuits structure jeopardizes the functional suitability and reliability of the system as a whole. For the purpose of hardware protection of projects, the methods of hardware coding are currently used.The paper discusses the features and reliability of logical coding of combinational circuits. An algorithm for cracking the code of combinational circuits is proposed, based on the description of encoded structure by the resolution function and reducing the problem to SAT CNF. The initial data for decoding the structure of a digital device is the structural implementation of encoded circuit, obtained, for example, by reverse engineering (prototype design), as well as an activated physical sample of an integrated circuit, when into protected from unauthorized access memory the correct key value is loaded. This sample can be used as a black box model. The main idea of breaking a key is to solve a problem without research on a large interval of values of input and output variables.Π˜Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ схСмы ΠΈ систСмы Π½Π° кристаллС ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ звСньями Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм ΠΈ систСм обороноспособности государства. ПоявлСниС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ пиратства, пСрСпроизводства, нСсанкционированноС Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ микросхСмы, Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ трояны Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ развития ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ срСдств ΠΈΡ… своСврСмСнного обнаруТСния. Врояны ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ внСсСны Π² структуру ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² процСссС производства Π½Π° этапах спСцификации, проСктирования, Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ изготовлСния. Π’ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² структуру ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСмСнтов ставит ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρƒ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ систСмы Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² настоящСС врСмя ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кодирования.Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ особСнности ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ логичСского кодирования ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм, основанный Π½Π° описании Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ структуры Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ свСдСнии Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΊ КНЀ-выполнимости. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ для дСкодирования структуры Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ устройства ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ структурная рСализация Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, получСнная, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ проСктирования (проСктирования ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ физичСский ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, Π² Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚ нСсанкционированного доступа ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ящика. Основная идСя Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π° состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ, Π½Π΅ прибСгая ΠΊ исслСдованиям Π½Π° большом ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…

    Attacking Logic Locked Circuits Using Reinforcement Learning

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    Logic Locking is an emerging form of hardware obfuscation that is intended to be a solution to many of the trust issues associated with the modern globalized IC supply chain. By inserting extra key-gates into a circuit, the functionality of the circuit can be locked until the correct order of bits or β€œkey” is applied to the key gates. To assess the strength of new logic locking techniques, we propose a new attack that uses deep reinforcement learning. This attack aims to test logic locking as well as evaluate reinforcement learning as a possible attack against logic locking. By using a deep Q-learning neural network, Q-values can be approximated and the model can be trained much faster than using traditional Q-learning. By allowing the model to change a single bit in the key each timestep, simulations of the circuit with the key produced can be run and the outputs can be compared to that of the unlocked version of the circuit, called an oracle. A reward is calculated based on how many bits of the locked circuit are correct and is used to reinforce the learning of the model. During the training phases of the model, the relationship between a highly correct key and how correct the outputs are for some random inputs is not strong, causing the model to struggle to learn quickly

    Prevention of hardware attacks in the design and manufacture of integrated circuits

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    Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ особСнности ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ логичСского кодирования ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм, основанный Π½Π° описании Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ структуры Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ свСдСнии Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΊ КНЀ-выполнимости. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ для дСкодирования структуры Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ устройства являСтся структурная рСализация Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, получСнная ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ проСктирования (проСктирования ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ физичСский ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, Π² Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚ нСсанкционированного доступа ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ящика. Основная идСя Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π° состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ, Π½Π΅ прибСгая ΠΊ исслСдованиям Π½Π° большом ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. The features and reliability of logical coding of combinational circuits are considered. An algorithm for cracking the code of combinational schemes is proposed, based on the description of the encoded structure by the resolution function and reducing the problem to KNF-feasibility. The initial data for decoding the structure of a digital device is the structural implementation of the encoded circuit obtained by reverse engineering (prototyping), as well as an activated physical sample of an integrated circuit, in whose memory the correct key value is loaded, protected from unauthorized access. This sample is used as a black box model. The main idea of cracking a key is to solve the problem without resorting to research on a large range of values of input and output variables

    Determining security key the hardware for digital devices

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    Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ особСнности ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ логичСского кодирования ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм, основанный Π½Π° описании Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ структуры Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ свСдСнии Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΊ КНЀ-выполнимости. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ для дСкодирования структуры Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ устройства ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ структурная рСализация Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, получСнная, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ проСктирования (проСктирования ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ физичСский ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы, Π² Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚ нСсанкционированного доступа ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ящика. Основная идСя Π²Π·Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π° состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ, Π½Π΅ прибСгая ΠΊ исслСдованиям Π½Π° большом ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…

    TAO: Techniques for algorithm-level obfuscation during high-level synthesis

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    Intellectual Property (IP) theft costs semiconductor design companies billions of dollars every year. Unauthorized IP copies start from reverse engineering the given chip. Existing techniques to protect against IP theft aim to hide the IC's functionality, but focus on manipulating the HDL descriptions. We propose TAO as a comprehensive solution based on high-level synthesis to raise the abstraction level and apply algorithmic obfuscation automatically. TAO includes several transformations that make the component hard to reverse engineer during chip fabrication, while a key is later inserted to unlock the functionality. Finally, this is a promising approach to obfuscate large-scale designs despite the hardware overhead needed to implement the obfuscation
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