Energy and Time Efficient Routing Protocols for High throughout VANET

Vehicular Ad-Hoc networks (VANETS) has received significant attention in current years, thanks to its distinctive characteristics, that square measure totally different from Mobile Ad-Hoc networks(MANETS), like speedy topology modification, frequent link failure, and high vehicle quality. The most disadvantage of VANETS system is that the network instability, that vintages to reduce the network potency. During this article we have a tendency to suggest two algorithms: CBLTRprotocol and IDVR protocol. The CBLTR protocol aims to extend the route stability and average throughput in a very biface phase situation. The Cluster Heads (CHs) square measure chosen supported most Life-Time (LT) among all vehicles that square measure set at intervals every cluster. The IDVR protocol aims to extend the route stability and average throughput, and to scale back end-to-end delay in a very grid topology. The electoral Intersection CH (ICH) receives a collection of CandidateShortest Routes (SCSR) closed to the required destination from the Software Outlined Network (SDN). The IDVR protocol picks the best route supported its destination location, present location, and the most of the minimum average output of SCSR. We have a tendency to used grappling traffic generator simulators and MATLAB to guage the performance of our proposed protocols. These protocols considerably trounce many protocols mentioned within the literature, in terms of the many parameters

An enhanced AODV protocol for external communication in self-driving vehicles

The increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles on the road leads to an increasing need for external vehicle communication, in particular through emerging vehicular ad hoc networks also known as VANETs. This technology has the ability to facilitate intelligent transportation applications, comfort and other required services for self-driving vehicles. However, suitable routing protocols need to be utilised in order to provide stable routing and enable high performance for this external communication in autonomous vehicles. Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) is to date rarely used in mobile ad hoc network but offers great potential as a reactive routing protocol. However, the AODV protocol is affected by poor performance, when directly employed in VANETs. In this paper, two improvements are presented to the route selection and route discovery of AODV to improve its performance in forms of packet delivery rate and communication link stability for VANETs. Thus, we obtain new vehicle V-AODV that suits the specific requirements of autonomous vehicles communications. Simulation results demonstrate that V-AODV can enhance the route stability, reduce overhead and improve communication performance between vehicles

A Review Paper on Accident Detection System Using Intelligent Algorithm for VANET

Our lives became easier with the Quick accretion of technology and infrastructure. The advent of technology has also rise the traffic hazards and the road accident take place repeatedly which causes massive loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities. Recently, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have emerged as an efficient way of improving interpretation of transportation systems and enhancing travel safety. Accident detection systems are one of the most effective (ITS) tools. The accident detected system which based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) can be accomplish though one or several sensors, the system can gathers the information and coordinates of accident spot then send this data to the rescues services center over a network link in shortest time, It represented as an instance helping system. In this review paper, we proposed an intelligent system that composed of a GPS receiver, Vibration sensor, GSM Modem and integrated with Vehicular AD-Hoc Network (VANET). The employ of (VANET) by enhanced Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector protocol (AODV) helps these services in finding the optimum route to the emergency message. The use of GSM, GPS, and VANET technologies allows the system to track vehicle and provides the most instant and accurate information about the vehicle accident spot. Keywords: GPS, GSM, VANET, AODV

VANET-Based Traffic Monitoring and Incident Detection System: A Review

As a component of intelligent transport systems (ITS), vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), which is a subform of manet, has been identified. It is established on the roads based on available vehicles and supporting road infrastructure, such as base stations. An accident can be defined as any activity in the environment that may be harmful to human life or dangerous to human life. In terms of early detection, and broadcast delay. VANET has shown various problems. The available technologies for incident detection and the corresponding algorithms for processing. The present problem and challenges of incident detection in VANET technology are discussed in this paper. The paper also reviews the recently proposed methods for early incident techniques and studies them

Rancang Bangun Protokol Perutean SDGR+R pada Vehicular AD-HOC Network Berbasis Arah

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) merupakan pengembangan jaringan wiresless yang melakukan komunikasi secara Inter Vehicle Communication (IVC). VANET memiliki mobilitas yang tinggi untuk setiap node nya sehingga jaringan komunikasi jenis ini adalah jaringan yang bersifat sementara dikarenakan node bergerak di lintasan dengan arah dan kecepatan yang dinamis. Dengan demikian, pengiriman paket data dari node sumber ke node tujuan menggunakan VANET memerlukan beberapa teknik komunikasi. Teknik terbaru komunikasi VANET saat ini adalah menggunakan SDN (Software Defined Network) yang berbasis geographic (SDGR) sebagai control plane dalam mengontrol komunikasi ad-hoc antar node. Dalam membentuk topologi jaringan komunikasi, SDGR mencari nilai jalur terpendek antar node dan kepadatan node yang tinggi. Tujuan utama penelitian ini melakukan analisis konsep protokol perutean (routing protocol) SDGR dan dilakukan pengembangannya dengan mempertimbangkan arah rute (SDGR+R). Pada SDGR+R, penambahan basis arah rute menggunakan multicast. Selanjutnya, dilakukan perbandingan kinerja antara SDGR dan SDGR+R. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan SDGR+R memiliki kinerja lebih baik daripada SDGR dalam hal latency sebesar 1.88% dan packet delivery ratio (PDR) sebesar 8.12%. Perancangan protokol perutean SDGR+R menambah ide pengembangan teknologi pada VANET untuk masa mendatang. AbstractVehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a wireless network developed for communication on Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC). Each node in a VANET has high mobility so that this type of communication network is a temporary network because the node moves on the track with dynamic direction and speed. Thus, sending data packets from source node to destination node using VANET requires some communication techniques. The latest technology for VANET communication is to use SDN-based geographic-based SDN (SDGR) as a control plane in controlling Ad-hoc communication between nodes. In forming the communication network topology, SDGR looks for the shortest path value between nodes and high node density. The main objective of this research is to analyze the concept of SDGR routing protocol and to develop it, considering the direction of the route (SDGR+R). In SDGR + R, the addition of route base directions uses multicast. Next, we compare the performance between SDGR and SDGR+R. Simulation results show SDGR+R has better performance than SDGR in terms of latency of 1.88% and packet delivery ratio of 8.12%. The design of the SDGR+R routing protocol gives to the idea of technology development on VANET in the future

Advances in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): challenges and road-map for future development

Recent advances in wireless communication technologies and auto-mobile industry have triggered a significant research interest in the field of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) over the past few years. A vehicular network consists of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications supported by wireless access technologies such as IEEE 802.11p. This innovation in wireless communication has been envisaged to improve road safety and motor traffic efficiency in near future through the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, governments, auto-mobile industries and academia are heavily partnering through several ongoing research projects to establish standards for VANETs. The typical set of VANET application areas, such as vehicle collision warning and traffic information dissemination have made VANET an interesting field of mobile wireless communication. This paper provides an overview on current research state, challenges, potentials of VANETs as well as the ways forward to achieving the long awaited ITS

Survey on Congestion Detection and Control in Connected Vehicles

The dynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) induced by frequent topology changes and node mobility, imposes critical challenges for vehicular communications. Aggravated by the high volume of information dissemination among vehicles over limited bandwidth, the topological dynamics of VANET causes congestion in the communication channel, which is the primary cause of problems such as message drop, delay, and degraded quality of service. To mitigate these problems, congestion detection, and control techniques are needed to be incorporated in a vehicular network. Congestion control approaches can be either open-loop or closed loop based on pre-congestion or post congestion strategies. We present a general architecture of vehicular communication in urban and highway environment as well as a state-of-the-art survey of recent congestion detection and control techniques. We also identify the drawbacks of existing approaches and classify them according to different hierarchical schemes. Through an extensive literature review, we recommend solution approaches and future directions for handling congestion in vehicular communications

Avaliação por simulação da comunicação entre veículos

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesNuma rede veicular, a densidade de veículos (com o tipo de comunicação IEEE 802.11p) que formam a rede veicular será um dos pontos chave para o sucesso da comunicação entre os mesmos. Nos cenários de auto-estrada, o caso mais estudado ao longo desta dissertação, existe uma grande probabilidade de a rede veicular se encontrar desligada, ou seja, de não existir um caminho entre veículos sempre ao alcance, o que diminuirá a viabilidade e qualidade das comunicações. Para melhorar a comunicação nestes cenários podem ser integradas na rede estações fixas, conhecidas por Road Side Units (RSUs). A utilização de RSUs permite melhorar as comunicações entre veículos conseguindo reduzir, essencialmente, o atraso na entrega das mensagens, pois pretende-se que essa inserção diminua a probabilidade de partição da rede entre os veículos. Nesta Dissertação são idealizados e implementados no simulador ns-3 cenários diferentes, com diferentes densidades de veículos, que permitem avaliar a influência das RSUs nas comunicações veiculares. Pelos resultados apresentados, verifica-se que existe uma melhoria significativa nas comunicações quando as RSUs estão ligadas através de rede fixa, por exemplo a Ethernet. Com RSUs ligadas por redes sem fios, existe uma melhoria significativa das comunicações, mas esta melhoria é inferior à existente em cenários de RSUs ligadas por uma rede com fios. Quando as RSUs se encontram desligadas, verifica-se que não existe grande melhoria e as comunicações ficam mais instáveis. Cada RSU tem um custo bastante elevado. Sendo assim, um dos desafios desta Dissertação é o de conseguir melhorar, de facto, a comunicação entre os veículos, mas reduzindo ao máximo o número de RSUs necessárias no cenário, garantindo sempre essa melhoria nas comunicações. Ao longo do trabalho desenvolvido verificou-se que o espaçamento ideal entre as RSUs, para os testes realizados, é de 1800m.In a Vehicular network, the density of vehicles (enabled with the standard IEEE 802.11p) that form the network is one of the keys to the success of intervehicular communication. In highway scenarios, which will be the focus of this Master dissertation, the probability of having a disconnected vehicular network can be very high — in other words, the probability of having no paths within reach between vehicles can be very high, which hinders communication reliability. To improve the communication in these scenarios we can use infrastructure known as Road Side Units (RSUs). When we use RSUs as fixed points for communication in highways, we expect an enhancement on the network performance with an improvement on the propagation delay of messages between the disconnected vehicles. In this Dissertation, we idealized and implemented different scenarios in a network simulator (ns-3), with different densities of vehicles used to evaluate the influence of RSUs in inter-vehicular communication. The results show that, with RSUs interconnected by Ethernet, we have a significant improvement on the network performance. With RSUs interconnected by Wi-Fi, we also see improvements on the network performance, albeit less significant than those of the scenarios with RSUs connected by a wired network. When the RSUs are disconnected, we observe that there is no improvement and communications become unstable. Each RSU has a high cost; therefore, in this Dissertation, we need to minimize the distribution of RSUs while still providing a significant improvement on communications. In this work we have shown that the ideal spacing between the RSUs, in our tests, was of approximately 1800m

Improving TCP behaviour to non-invasively share spectrum with safety messages in VANET

There is a broad range of technologies available for wireless communications for moving vehicles, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), 3G, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)/ Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA). These technologies are needed to support delay-sensitive safety related applications such as collision avoidance and emergency breaking. Among them, the IEEE802.11p standard (aka DSRC/WAVE), a Wi-Fi based medium RF range technology, is considered to be one of the best suited draft architectures for time-sensitive safety applications. In addition to safety applications, however, services of non-safety nature like electronic toll tax collection, infotainment and traffic control are also becoming important these days. To support delay-insensitive infotainment applications, the DSRC protocol suite also provides facilities to use Internet Protocols. The DSRC architecture actually consists of WAVE Short Messaging Protocol (WSMP) specifically formulated for realtime safety applications as well as the conventional transport layer protocols TCP/UDP for non-safety purposes. But the layer four protocol TCP was originally designed for reliable data delivery only over wired networks, and so the performance quality was not guaranteed for the wireless medium, especially in the highly unstable network topology engendered by fast moving vehicles. The vehicular wireless medium is inherently unreliable because of intermittent disconnections caused by moving vehicles, and in addition, it suffers from multi-path and fading phenomena (and a host of others) that greatly degrade the network performance. One of the TCP problems in the context of vehicular wireless network is that it interprets transmission errors as symptomatic of an incipient congestion situation and as a result, reduces the throughput deliberately by frequently invoking slow-start congestion control algorithms. Despite the availability of many congestion control mechanisms to address this problem, the conventional TCP continues to suffer from poor performance when deployed in the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) environment. Moreover, the way non-safety applications, when pressed into service, will treat the existing delay-sensitive safety messaging applications and the way these two types of applications interact between them are not (well) understood, and therefore, in order for them to coexist, the implication and repercussion need to be examined closely. This is especially important as IEEE 802.11p standards are not designed keeping in view the issues TCP raises in relation to safety messages. This dissertation addresses the issues arising out of this situation and in particular confronts the congestion challenges thrown up in the context of heterogenous communication in VANET environment by proposing an innovative solution with two optimized congestion control algorithms. Extensive simulation studies conducted by the author shows that both these algorithms have improved TCP performance in terms of metrics like Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF), Packet Loss and End-to-End Delay (E2ED), and at the same time they encourage the non-safety TCP application to behave unobtrusively and cooperatively to a large extent with DSRC’s safety applications. The first algorithm, called vScalable-TCP – a modification of the existing TCPScalable variant – introduces a reliable transport protocol suitable for DSRC. In the proposed approach, whenever packets are discarded excessively due to congestion, the slow-start mechanism is purposely suppressed temporarily to avoid further congestion and packet loss. The crucial idea here is how to adjust and regulate the behaviour of vScalable-TCP in a way that the existing safety message flows are least disturbed. The simulation results confirm that the new vScalable-TCP provides better performance for real-time safety applications than TCP-Reno and other TCP variants considered in this thesis in terms of standard performance metrics. The second algorithm, named vLP-TCP – a modification of the existing TCP-LP variant – is designed to test and demonstrate that the strategy developed for vScalable-TCP is also compatible with another congestion control mechanism and achieves the same purpose. This expectation is borne out well by the simulation results. The same slow-start congestion management strategy has been employed but with only a few amendments. This modified algorithm also improves substantially the performance of basic safety management applications. The present work thus clearly confirms that both vScalable-TCP and vLP-TCP algorithms – the prefix ‘v’ to the names standing for ‘vehicular’ – outperform the existing unadorned TCP-Scalable and TCP-LP algorithms, in terms of standard performance metrics, while at the same time behaving in a friendly manner, by way of sharing bandwidth non-intrusively with DSRC safety applications. This paves the way for the smooth and harmonious coexistence of these two broad, clearly incompatible or complementary categories of applications – viz. time-sensitive safety applications and delay-tolerant infotainment applications – by narrowing down their apparent impedance or behavioural mismatch, when they are coerced to go hand in hand in a DSRC environment