Internet Censorship: An Integrative Review of Technologies Employed to Limit Access to the Internet, Monitor User Actions, and their Effects on Culture

The following conducts an integrative review of the current state of Internet Censorship in China, Iran, and Russia, highlights common circumvention technologies (CTs), and analyzes the effects Internet Censorship has on cultures. The author spends a large majority of the paper delineating China’s Internet infrastructure and prevalent Internet Censorship Technologies/Techniques (ICTs), paying particular attention to how the ICTs function at a technical level. The author further analyzes the state of Internet Censorship in both Iran and Russia from a broader perspective to give a better understanding of Internet Censorship around the globe. The author also highlights specific CTs, explaining how they function at a technical level. Findings indicate that among all three nation-states, state control of Internet Service Providers is the backbone of Internet Censorship. Specifically, within China, it is discovered that the infrastructure functions as an Intranet, thereby creating a closed system. Further, BGP Hijacking, DNS Poisoning, and TCP RST attacks are analyzed to understand their use-case within China. It is found that Iran functions much like a weaker version of China in regards to ICTs, with the state seemingly using the ICT of Bandwidth Throttling rather consistently. Russia’s approach to Internet censorship, in stark contrast to Iran and China, is found to rely mostly on the legislative system and fear to implement censorship, though their technical level of ICT implementation grows daily. TOR, VPNs, and Proxy Servers are all analyzed and found to be robust CTs. Drawing primarily from the examples given throughout the paper, the author highlights the various effects of Internet Censorship on culture – noting that at its core, Internet Censorship destroys democracy

Systemization of Pluggable Transports for Censorship Resistance

An increasing number of countries implement Internet censorship at different scales and for a variety of reasons. In particular, the link between the censored client and entry point to the uncensored network is a frequent target of censorship due to the ease with which a nation-state censor can control it. A number of censorship resistance systems have been developed thus far to help circumvent blocking on this link, which we refer to as link circumvention systems (LCs). The variety and profusion of attack vectors available to a censor has led to an arms race, leading to a dramatic speed of evolution of LCs. Despite their inherent complexity and the breadth of work in this area, there is no systematic way to evaluate link circumvention systems and compare them against each other. In this paper, we (i) sketch an attack model to comprehensively explore a censor's capabilities, (ii) present an abstract model of a LC, a system that helps a censored client communicate with a server over the Internet while resisting censorship, (iii) describe an evaluation stack that underscores a layered approach to evaluate LCs, and (iv) systemize and evaluate existing censorship resistance systems that provide link circumvention. We highlight open challenges in the evaluation and development of LCs and discuss possible mitigations.Comment: Content from this paper was published in Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS), Volume 2016, Issue 4 (July 2016) as "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems" by Sheharbano Khattak, Tariq Elahi, Laurent Simon, Colleen M. Swanson, Steven J. Murdoch and Ian Goldberg (DOI 10.1515/popets-2016-0028

Dampak Implementasi Kebijakan the Great Firewall Oleh Pemerintah China Terhadap Aktivitas Google Inc Di China (2006 2012)

This reasearch focused on the impact of the Great Firewall Policy Implementation By Chinese Government Activity Against Google Inc. in China. The Chinese government has imposed strict censorship on google is a search engine that provides information and news in general and can be freely accessed by Internet users, however the information must first be carried out through a filtering process that the Chinese government, if the keyword is searched contains views negative towards the government instantly sought information that would be blocked by the Chinese government and disappear from google search.This reasearch used qualitative data sourced from books, journals and websites that will explain the measures the Chinese government to suppress the development of google inc doing business in China. This study uses the theory of decision-making and Richard Snyder, H. W. Buck, and Burton Sapin and using Nation state level analysisThe results of this study found that the Chinese government has managed to make google did not develop in Chinese even google has resigned from China in 2010 because it is always under pressure from the government. Pullback google has a positive impact on the development of a local search engine company Baidu can utilize mainly the conflict between the Chinese government with Google, Baidu has attracted widespread sympathy for the Chinese people to use local products. At this time Baidu has dominated more than 70% of Internet users in ChinaKeyword: Policy, Decision-making, Filtering Process, Google and Baid

CovertNet: Circumventing Web Surveillance Using Covert Channels

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Science, Mathematics and Computing of Bard College

Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft Suppressing Free Speech Online

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. Foreign governments censor the online activity of their citizens. Iran and China are the top two countries who have been known to censor, filter, and block content that contains any sexual, women\u27s rights, and anti-governmental blogs or content. The American Search Engines Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo are helping these governments censor their people, thus limiting free speech and expression. Nothing can be done to stop foreign governments from suppressing their own people, but something can and should be done to prevent American Search engines from aiding these countries