1,155 research outputs found
Momentum Control with Hierarchical Inverse Dynamics on a Torque-Controlled Humanoid
Hierarchical inverse dynamics based on cascades of quadratic programs have
been proposed for the control of legged robots. They have important benefits
but to the best of our knowledge have never been implemented on a torque
controlled humanoid where model inaccuracies, sensor noise and real-time
computation requirements can be problematic. Using a reformulation of existing
algorithms, we propose a simplification of the problem that allows to achieve
real-time control. Momentum-based control is integrated in the task hierarchy
and a LQR design approach is used to compute the desired associated closed-loop
behavior and improve performance. Extensive experiments on various balancing
and tracking tasks show very robust performance in the face of unknown
disturbances, even when the humanoid is standing on one foot. Our results
demonstrate that hierarchical inverse dynamics together with momentum control
can be efficiently used for feedback control under real robot conditions.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables in Autonomous Robots (2015
Balancing experiments on a torque-controlled humanoid with hierarchical inverse dynamics
Recently several hierarchical inverse dynamics controllers based on cascades
of quadratic programs have been proposed for application on torque controlled
robots. They have important theoretical benefits but have never been
implemented on a torque controlled robot where model inaccuracies and real-time
computation requirements can be problematic. In this contribution we present an
experimental evaluation of these algorithms in the context of balance control
for a humanoid robot. The presented experiments demonstrate the applicability
of the approach under real robot conditions (i.e. model uncertainty, estimation
errors, etc). We propose a simplification of the optimization problem that
allows us to decrease computation time enough to implement it in a fast torque
control loop. We implement a momentum-based balance controller which shows
robust performance in face of unknown disturbances, even when the robot is
standing on only one foot. In a second experiment, a tracking task is evaluated
to demonstrate the performance of the controller with more complicated
hierarchies. Our results show that hierarchical inverse dynamics controllers
can be used for feedback control of humanoid robots and that momentum-based
balance control can be efficiently implemented on a real robot.Comment: appears in IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots
and Systems (IROS), 201
Unsupervised Contact Learning for Humanoid Estimation and Control
This work presents a method for contact state estimation using fuzzy
clustering to learn contact probability for full, six-dimensional humanoid
contacts. The data required for training is solely from proprioceptive sensors
- endeffector contact wrench sensors and inertial measurement units (IMUs) -
and the method is completely unsupervised. The resulting cluster means are used
to efficiently compute the probability of contact in each of the six
endeffector degrees of freedom (DoFs) independently. This clustering-based
contact probability estimator is validated in a kinematics-based base state
estimator in a simulation environment with realistic added sensor noise for
locomotion over rough, low-friction terrain on which the robot is subject to
foot slip and rotation. The proposed base state estimator which utilizes these
six DoF contact probability estimates is shown to perform considerably better
than that which determines kinematic contact constraints purely based on
measured normal force.Comment: Submitted to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and
Automation (ICRA) 201
Unsupervised Contact Learning for Humanoid Estimation and Control
This work presents a method for contact state estimation using fuzzy
clustering to learn contact probability for full, six-dimensional humanoid
contacts. The data required for training is solely from proprioceptive sensors
- endeffector contact wrench sensors and inertial measurement units (IMUs) -
and the method is completely unsupervised. The resulting cluster means are used
to efficiently compute the probability of contact in each of the six
endeffector degrees of freedom (DoFs) independently. This clustering-based
contact probability estimator is validated in a kinematics-based base state
estimator in a simulation environment with realistic added sensor noise for
locomotion over rough, low-friction terrain on which the robot is subject to
foot slip and rotation. The proposed base state estimator which utilizes these
six DoF contact probability estimates is shown to perform considerably better
than that which determines kinematic contact constraints purely based on
measured normal force.Comment: Submitted to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and
Automation (ICRA) 201
Identification of Fully Physical Consistent Inertial Parameters using Optimization on Manifolds
This paper presents a new condition, the fully physical consistency for a set
of inertial parameters to determine if they can be generated by a physical
rigid body. The proposed condition ensure both the positive definiteness and
the triangular inequality of 3D inertia matrices as opposed to existing
techniques in which the triangular inequality constraint is ignored. This paper
presents also a new parametrization that naturally ensures that the inertial
parameters are fully physical consistency. The proposed parametrization is
exploited to reformulate the inertial identification problem as a manifold
optimization problem, that ensures that the identified parameters can always be
generated by a physical body. The proposed optimization problem has been
validated with a set of experiments on the iCub humanoid robot.Comment: 6 pages, published in Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2016
IEEE/RSJ International Conference o
Enabling Human-Robot Collaboration via Holistic Human Perception and Partner-Aware Control
As robotic technology advances, the barriers to the coexistence of humans and robots are slowly coming down. Application domains like elderly care, collaborative manufacturing, collaborative manipulation, etc., are considered the need of the hour, and progress in robotics holds the potential to address many societal challenges. The future socio-technical systems constitute of blended workforce with a symbiotic relationship between human and robot partners working collaboratively. This thesis attempts to address some of the research challenges in enabling human-robot collaboration. In particular, the challenge of a holistic perception of a human partner to continuously communicate his intentions and needs in real-time to a robot partner is crucial for the successful realization of a collaborative task. Towards that end, we present a holistic human perception framework for real-time monitoring of whole-body human motion and dynamics. On the other hand, the challenge of leveraging assistance from a human partner will lead to improved human-robot collaboration. In this direction, we attempt at methodically defining what constitutes assistance from a human partner and propose partner-aware robot control strategies to endow robots with the capacity to meaningfully engage in a collaborative task
์ธ๋ ๋ฐ ํ ํฌ ๋์ญํญ ์ ํ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์ด
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๋ถ(์ง๋ฅํ์ตํฉ์์คํ
์ ๊ณต), 2021.8. ๋ฐ์ฌํฅ.The thesis aims to improve the control performance of the torque-based operational space controller under disturbance and torque bandwidth limitation. Torque-based robot controllers command the desired torque as an input signal to the actuator. Since the torque is at force-level, the torque-controlled robot is more compliant to external forces from the environment or people than the position-controlled robot. Therefore, it can be used effectively for the tasks involving contact such as legged locomotion or human-robot interaction. Operational space control strengthens this advantage for redundant robots due to the inherent compliance in the null space of given tasks. However, high-level torque-based controllers have not been widely used for transitional robots such as industrial manipulators due to the low performance of precise control. One of the reasons is the uncertainty or disturbance in the kinematic and dynamic properties of the robot model. It leads to the inaccurate computation of the desired torque, deteriorating the control stability and performance. To estimate and compensate the disturbance using only proprioceptive sensors, the disturbance observer has been developed using inverse dynamics. It requires the joint acceleration information, which is noisy due to the numerical error in the second-order derivative of the joint position. In this work, a contact-consistent disturbance observer for a floating-base robot is proposed. The method uses the fixed contact position of the supporting foot as the kinematic constraints to estimate the joint acceleration error. It is incorporated into the dynamics model to reduce its effect on the disturbance torque solution, by which the observer becomes less dependent on the low-pass filter design. Another reason for the low performance of precise control is torque bandwidth limitation. Torque bandwidth is determined by the relationship between the input torque commanded to the actuator and the torque actually transmitted into the link. It can be regulated by various factors such as inner torque feedback loop, actuator dynamics, and joint elasticity, which deteriorates the control stability and performance. Operational space control is especially prone to this problem, since the limited bandwidth of a single actuator can reduce the performance of all related tasks simultaneously. In this work, an intuitive way to penalize low performance actuators is proposed for the operational space controller. The basic concept is to add joint torques only to high performance actuators recursively, which has the physical meaning of the joint-weighted torque solution considering each actuator performance. By penalizing the low performance actuators, the torque transmission error is reduced and the task performance is significantly improved. In addition, the joint trajectory is not required, which allows compliance in redundancy. The results of the thesis were verified by experiments using the 12-DOF biped robot DYROS-RED and the 7-DOF robot manipulator Franka Emika Panda.๋ณธ ํ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๋๊ณผ ํ ํฌ ๋์ญํญ ์ ํ์ด ์กด์ฌํ ๋ ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ก๋ด ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ๋ชฉํ ํ ํฌ๋ฅผ ์
๋ ฅ ์ ํธ๋ก์ ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ํ ํฌ๋ ํ ๋ ๋ฒจ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ํ ํฌ ์ ์ด ๋ก๋ด์ ์์น ์ ์ด ๋ก๋ด์ ๋นํด ์ธ๋ถ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐํด์ง๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋ ์ ์ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ํ ํฌ ์ ์ด๋ ๋ณดํ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ-๋ก๋ด ์ํธ์์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด์ ํฌํจํ๋ ์์
์ ์ํด ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ ํฌ ์ ์ด์ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ ๊ฐํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ก๋ด์ด ์ฌ์ ์์ ๋๊ฐ ์์ ๋ ์์
์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ชจ์
๋ค์ด ๋ด์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฅ์ ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ก๋ด ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์ด ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ์
์ฉ ๋ก๋ด ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ก๋ด์๋ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์ ์ค ํ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๋ก๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌํ ๋ฐ ๋์ญํ ๋ฌผ์ฑ์น์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ธ๋์ด๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค์ฐจ๋ ๋ชฉํ ํ ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ ๋ ์ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ด ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ฝํ์ํค๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ธ๋์ ๋ด์ฌ ์ผ์๋ง์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ถ์ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ญ๋์ญํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ธ๋ ๊ด์ธก๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ธ๋ ๊ด์ธก๊ธฐ๋ ์ญ๋์ญํ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์ํด ๊ด์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์๋ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ฐ์ด ๊ด์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฏธ๋ถํ ๊ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์น์ ์ธ ์ค์ฐจ๋ก ๋
ธ์ด์ฆํด์ง๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ถ์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก๋ด์ ์ํ ์ ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ ์ธ๋ ๊ด์ธก๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์๋์๋ค. ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ก๋ด์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ ์ ์ด ์ง์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ด์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์๋ ์ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ์ถ์ ๋ ์ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋์ญํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ ํ ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์ญ ํต๊ณผ ํํฐ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ ์์กด๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค. ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์ด ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์ค ํ๋๋ ํ ํฌ ๋์ญํญ ์ ํ์ด๋ค. ํ ํฌ ๋์ญํญ์ ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ ์
๋ ฅ ํ ํฌ์ ์ค์ ๋งํฌ์ ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ ํ ํฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค. ํ ํฌ ๋์ญํญ์ ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถ์ ํ ํฌ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ ๋ฃจํ, ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋์ญํ, ๊ด์ ํ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ์์ธ๋ค์ ์ํด ์ ํ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ด ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค. ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์ด๋ ํนํ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ฐ, ๋์ญํญ์ด ์ ํ๋ ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ ํ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ์์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ง๊ด์ ์ธ ์ ๋ต์ด ์ ์๋์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ปจ์
์ ์์
์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ ํฌ ์๋ฃจ์
์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ์ข์ ๊ด์ ์๋ง ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ํฌ ์๋ฃจ์
์ ๋ํด๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ ๊ด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ค์น๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ ํ ํฌ ์๋ฃจ์
์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ ํฌ ์ ๋ฌ ์ค์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๊ณ ์์
์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ํฅ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ 12์์ ๋ ์ด์กฑ ๋ณดํ ๋ก๋ด DYROS-RED์ 7์์ ๋ ๋ก๋ด ํ Franka Emika Panda๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์คํ์ ํตํด ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์๋ค.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Contributions of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Overview of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 BACKGROUNDS 6
2.1 Operational Space Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Dynamics Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 Fixed-Base Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1.1 Joint Space Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1.2 Operational Space Formulation . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Floating-Base Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2.1 Joint Space Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2.2 Operational Space Formulation . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Position Tracking via PD Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Torque Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Orientation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 CONTACT-CONSISTENT DISTURBANCE OBSERVER FOR FLOATING-BASE ROBOTS 22
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 Momentum-Based Disturbance Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 The Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.2 External Force Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.3 Internal Disturbance Rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 OPERATIONAL SPACE CONTROL UNDER ACTUATOR BANDWIDTH LIMITATION 40
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2 The Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.1 General Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.2 OSF-Based Torque Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.3 Comparison With a Typical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Comparison With Other Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4.1 Controller Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4.1.1 The Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4.1.2 The OSF Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4.1.3 The OSF-Filter Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4.1.4 The OSF-Joint Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4.1.5 The Joint Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Frequency Response of Joint Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5 CONCLUSION 85
Abstract (In Korean) 100๋ฐ
- โฆ