Identification of Conflicts between Transmission and Distribution System Operators when Acquiring Ancillary Services from Electric Vehicles

Distributed energy resources are able to provide services to grid operators, possibly with competing objectives. With the development of active distribution grid management, various market designs arise. Here, a reference market framework is considered, which allocates the available flexibility products according to requests coming from both distribution and transmission system operators. The goal of this paper is to provide an identification procedure that is able to detect,"br/"identify and catalogue possible conflicts among the involved stakeholders that take place when requesting and/or acquiring ancillary services from flexible units. The investigation is carried out considering a 3-area power system which allows to take into account local constraints as well as system-wide needs. As outcome, this paper identifies the conflicts from both a theoretical and a practical point of view, by means of descriptions/identification procedure and by visual examples, respectively

Ancillary Services Market Design in Distribution Networks: Review and Identification of Barriers

The high proliferation of converter-dominated Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRESs) at the distribution grid level has gradually replaced the conventional synchronous generators (SGs) of the transmission system, resulting in emerging stability and security challenges. The inherent characteristics of the SGs are currently used for providing ancillary services (ASs), following the instructions of the Transmission System Operator, while the DRESs are obliged to o er specific system support functions, without being remunerated for these functions, but only for the energy they inject. This changing environment has prompted the integration of energy storage systems as a solution for transfusing new characteristics and elaborating their business in the electricity markets, while the smart grid infrastructure and the upcoming microgrid architectures contribute to the transformation of the distribution grid. This review investigates the existing ASs in transmission system with the respective markets (emphasizing the DRESs’ participation in these markets) and proposes new ASs at distribution grid level, with emphasis to inertial response, active power ramp rate control, frequency response, voltage regulation, fault contribution and harmonic mitigation. The market tools and mechanisms for the procurement of these ASs are presented evolving the existing role of the Operators. Finally, potential barriers in the technical, regulatory, and financial framework have been identified and analyzed.Unión Europea (Programa Horizonte 2020) 76409

Test and Modelling of Commercial V2G CHAdeMO Chargers to Assess the Suitability for Grid Services

Aggregation and control of electric vehicles (EVs) via vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies is seen as a valid option for providing ancillary power system services. This work presents results from V2G-ready equipment tests and modelling. The technical capabilities of an EV connected to a commercial V2G charger are investigated when controlled either locally or remotely. The charger is characterized in terms of efficiency characteristics, activation time, response granularity, ramping-up/down time, accuracy and precision. Test results show the performance for different operating conditions, highlighting the importance of a good calibration and knowledge of the employed hardware when providing standard-compliant grid regulation services via V2G technology. Ultimately, a set of simulations demonstrates that the designed EV charger model replicates accurately the operating conditions of the real hardware

Energy patterns for business model innovation

Several transformations are occurring in the energy sector, from new emerging technologies, governmental pressure for decarbonisation and clean energy targets, to new market regulations. This changes impact on how the energy is produced and distributed to consumers, increasing the urge for energy utilities to innovate their traditional established business models, to remain competitive in the energy landscape. Business model innovation is essential to organizational performance, and it has the power to change the logic of entire industries. Business model patterns are a promising tool to support business model innovation, which can be described as solutions to recurrent problems in a business model context. Although there are several published collections of business model patterns, a structured overview on energy patterns in order to support business model innovation in the energy field is missing. In the interest of filling the gap between business models and the energy sector, an energy pattern taxonomy for business model innovation was created. Applying the modified-Delphi card sorting methodology by Paul (2008), in an iterative way, 1 expert in business models and in the energy field was asked to perform a card sorting activity in a model revised and validated by 2 other experts in a previous phase, resulting in a taxonomy with 51 energy patterns organized in 10 meaningful groups. This pattern taxonomy is useful to help energy utilities to innovate and reform their business models, and it can be used from academics and scholars to managers to innovate the business models of their firms.O sector da energia está a sofrer diversas transformações, desde novas tecnologias emergentes, pressões governamentais face a metas de descarbonização e energia limpa, a novas regulações do mercado. Estas mudanças impactam na forma como a energia é produzida e distribuída aos consumidores, aumentado a urgência de inovação das modelos de negócio estabelecidos das utilities energéticas, de forma a manter a sua competitividade no sector. A inovação de modelos de negócio é essencial ao desempenho das organizações, tendo o poder de afectar a lógica de negócio de todo o sector. Padrões de modelos de negócio são uma ferramenta promissora para apoiar a inovação, sendo descritos como soluções já comprovadas para problemas recorrentes. Apesar de existiram diversas colecções de padrões de modelos de negócio na literatura, está em falta uma visão global e estruturada sobre padrões de energia. No interesse de preencher a lacuna entre modelos de negócio e o sector energético, foi criada uma taxonomia de padrões de energia para apoiar inovação no sector. Aplicando a metodologia Delphi modificada (Paul, 2008), de uma forma iterativa, 1 especialista em modelos de negócio e em energia realizou uma actividade de card sortig num modelo revisto e validado por 2 outros especialistas, numa fase anterior, resultando numa taxonomia com 51 padrões organizados em 10 grupos significativos. A taxonomia final resultante será útil para apoiar as utilities energéticas a inovar e reformar os seus modelos de negócio, podendo ser usada desde académicos a gestores com o objectivo de inovar os seus modelos de negócio

Impact of vehicle to grid in the power system dynamic behaviour

This work was supported in part by FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia de Portugal, under the grant SFRH/BD/47973/2008 and within the framework of the Project "Green Island" with the Reference MIT-PT/SES-GI/0008/2008, by the European Commission within the framework of the European Project MERGE - Mobile Energy Resources in Grids of Electricity, contract nr. 241399 (FP7) and by INESC Porto - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores do PortoTese de doutoramento. Sistemas Sustentáveis de Energia. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 201

Renewable Electricity Futures Study. Volume 4: Bulk Electric Power Systems: Operations and Transmission Planning

The Renewable Electricity Futures (RE Futures) Study investigated the challenges and impacts of achieving very high renewable electricity generation levels in the contiguous United States by 2050. The analysis focused on the sufficiency of the geographically diverse U.S. renewable resources to meet electricity demand over future decades, the hourly operational characteristics of the U.S. grid with high levels of variable wind and solar generation, and the potential implications of deploying high levels of renewables in the future. RE Futures focused on technical aspects of high penetration of renewable electricity; it did not focus on how to achieve such a future through policy or other measures. Given the inherent uncertainties involved with analyzing alternative long-term energy futures as well as the multiple pathways that might be taken to achieve higher levels of renewable electricity supply, RE Futures explored a range of scenarios to investigate and compare the impacts of renewable electricity penetration levels (30%-90%), future technology performance improvements, potential constraints to renewable electricity development, and future electricity demand growth assumptions. RE Futures was led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)