10,843 research outputs found

    Graduate Catalog of Studies, 2023-2024

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    UMSL Bulletin 2023-2024

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    The 2023-2024 Bulletin and Course Catalog for the University of Missouri St. Louis.https://irl.umsl.edu/bulletin/1088/thumbnail.jp

    Graduate Catalog of Studies, 2023-2024

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    The terminator region of tidally locked M-dwarf exoplanets in 3-d general circulation models

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    The impressive sensitivity of the James Webb Space Telescope has made it possible to study the atmospheres of planets beyond the solar system. It will soon be followed by space missions aiming specifically at this goal, such as the Ariel mission, Twinkle, and the Habitable Worlds Observatory. One category of exoplanet has drawn interest because of its potential to harbour temperate climates with liquid surface water—and therefore potentially life. These are rocky planets orbiting cool M-class stars, or "M-Earths." Stellar population trends and observing biases lead to a high proportion of potentially habitable, terrestrial planets falling into this category. Because of the low temperatures of their host stars, however, habitable worlds of this type are found in close orbits where they are likely to be tidally locked. As the solar system has no tidally locked planets, our knowledge of their atmospheric circulation is currently limited to theoretical modelling. Past modelling work has shown that the asymmetrical irradiation of tidally locked planets results in characteristic circulation regimes which have profound consequences for observations. Atmospheric retrievals, which use statistical methods to fit 1-D atmospheric models to observational data and quantify the confidence of the fit, are not yet able to account for the 3-D nature of this circulation. For planets with large spatial variation in environmental conditions caused by tidal locking, 1-D models are not able to capture the differences and interconnections between planetary regions such as the dayside, nightside, and planetary limb or terminator. In addition, planetary atmospheres exhibit variation over time, potentially resulting in differences in retrieved properties between observing visits or even between different phases of a planet’s orbit. Accounting for 4-D circulation effects in atmospheric retrievals first requires a theoretical understanding of the impact of global-scale phenomena such as atmospheric waves and horizontal transport on conditions at the planetary limb, and then requires incorporation of this knowledge into the retrieval pipeline in the form of, for example, parameterisations. In this thesis, I address the first requirement: the theoretical understanding of the effects of fully modelled 4-D atmospheric circulation on the planetary limb, the region probed by transmission spectroscopy, on tidally locked planets. I focus in particular on effects caused by the global propagation of atmospheric waves and by horizontal transport of clouds and hazes. In Chapter 2, I show that that the atmospheric dynamics on the tidally locked Proxima Centauri b support a longitudinally asymmetric stratospheric wind oscillation (LASO), analogous to Earth’s quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The LASO has a vertical extent of 35–55 km, a period of 5–6.5 months, and a peak-to-peak wind speed amplitude of -70 to +130 ms−1 with a maximum at an altitude of 41 km. Unlike the QBO, the LASO displays longitudinal asymmetries related to the asymmetric thermal forcing of the planet and to interactions with the resulting stationary Rossby waves. The equatorial gravity wave sources driving the LASO are localised in the deep convection region at the substellar point and in a jet exit region near the western terminator, unlike the QBO, for which these sources are distributed uniformly around the planet. Longitudinally, the western terminator experiences the highest wind speeds and undergoes reversals earlier than other longitudes. The antistellar point only experiences a weak oscillation with a very brief, low-speed westward phase. The QBO on Earth is associated with fluctuations in the abundances of water vapour and trace gases such as ozone which are also likely to occur on exoplanets if these gases are present. Strong fluctuations in temperature and the abundance of atmospheric species at the terminators will need to be considered when interpreting atmospheric observations of tidally locked exoplanets. In Chapter 3, I investigate the presence of cloud cover at the planetary limb of water-rich Earth-like planets, which is likely to weaken chemical signatures in transmission spectra and impede attempts to characterise these atmospheres. Based on observations of Earth and solar system worlds, exoplanets with atmospheres should have both short-term weather and long-term climate variability, implying that cloud cover may be less during some observing periods. I identify and describe a mechanism driving periodic clear sky events at the terminators in simulations of tidally locked Earth-like planets. A feedback between dayside cloud radiative effects, incoming stellar radiation and heating, and the dynamical state of the atmosphere, especially the zonal wavenumber-1 Rossby wave identified in past work on tidally locked planets, leads to oscillations in Rossby wave phase speeds and in the position of Rossby gyres and results in advection of clouds to or away from the planet’s eastern terminator. I study this oscillation in simulations of Proxima Centauri b, TRAPPIST 1-e, and rapidly rotating versions of these worlds located at the inner edge of their stars’ habitable zones. I simulate time series of the transit depths of the 1.4 ”m water feature and 2.7 ”m carbon dioxide feature. The impact of atmospheric variability on the transmission spectra is sensitive to the structure of the dayside cloud cover and the location of the Rossby gyres, but none of my simulations have variability significant enough to be detectable with current methods. In Chapter 4, I study the interaction between the atmospheric circulation and photochemical hazes and describe the resulting haze abundances at the terminator. Transmission spectroscopy supports the presence of unknown, light-scattering aerosols in the atmospheres of many exoplanets. The complexity of factors influencing the formation, 3-D transport, radiative impact, and removal of aerosols makes it challenging to match theoretical models to the existing data. My study simplifies these factors to focus on the interaction between planetary general circulation and haze distribution at the planetary limb. I use an intermediate complexity general circulation model, ExoPlaSim, to simulate idealised organic haze particles as radiatively active tracers in the atmospheres of tidally locked terrestrial planets for a range of rotation rates. I find three distinct 3-D spatial haze distributions, corresponding to three circulation regimes, each with a different haze profile at the limb. All regimes display significant terminator asymmetry. In my parameter space, super-Earth-sized planets with rotation periods greater than 13 days have the lowest haze optical depths at the terminator, supporting the choice of slower rotators as observing targets. My thesis supports the existence of characteristic forms of temporal and spatial variability on tidally locked planets which will undoubtedly impact observations and inform our understanding of climate conditions on the surface. Overall, the effects of purely dynamical variability may be too small to be detected for Earth-like planets (but potentially detectable for larger ones). The impact of the atmospheric circulation on the distribution of clouds and hazes, on the other hand, is likely to affect even observations of terrestrial planets due to the highly scattering nature of these aerosols and will need to be accounted for in atmospheric retrievals

    UMSL Bulletin 2022-2023

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    The 2022-2023 Bulletin and Course Catalog for the University of Missouri St. Louis.https://irl.umsl.edu/bulletin/1087/thumbnail.jp

    TOWARD AUTOMATED THREAT MODELING BY ADVERSARY NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE DISCOVERY

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    Threat modeling can help defenders ascertain potential attacker capabilities and resources, allowing better protection of critical networks and systems from sophisticated cyber-attacks. One aspect of the adversary profile that is of interest to defenders is the means to conduct a cyber-attack, including malware capabilities and network infrastructure. Even though most defenders collect data on cyber incidents, extracting knowledge about adversaries to build and improve the threat model can be time-consuming. This thesis applies machine learning methods to historical cyber incident data to enable automated threat modeling of adversary network infrastructure. Using network data of attacker command and control servers based on real-world cyber incidents, specific adversary datasets can be created and enriched using the capabilities of internet-scanning search engines. Mixing these datasets with data from benign or non-associated hosts with similar port-service mappings allows for building an interpretable machine learning model of attackers. Additionally, creating internet-scanning search engine queries based on machine learning model predictions allows for automating threat modeling of adversary infrastructure. Automated threat modeling of adversary network infrastructure allows searching for unknown or emerging threat actor network infrastructure on the Internet.Major, Ukrainian Ground ForcesApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

    Computational reproducibility of Jupyter notebooks from biomedical publications

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    Jupyter notebooks facilitate the bundling of executable code with its documentation and output in one interactive environment, and they represent a popular mechanism to document and share computational workflows. The reproducibility of computational aspects of research is a key component of scientific reproducibility but has not yet been assessed at scale for Jupyter notebooks associated with biomedical publications. We address computational reproducibility at two levels: First, using fully automated workflows, we analyzed the computational reproducibility of Jupyter notebooks related to publications indexed in PubMed Central. We identified such notebooks by mining the articles full text, locating them on GitHub and re-running them in an environment as close to the original as possible. We documented reproduction success and exceptions and explored relationships between notebook reproducibility and variables related to the notebooks or publications. Second, this study represents a reproducibility attempt in and of itself, using essentially the same methodology twice on PubMed Central over two years. Out of 27271 notebooks from 2660 GitHub repositories associated with 3467 articles, 22578 notebooks were written in Python, including 15817 that had their dependencies declared in standard requirement files and that we attempted to re-run automatically. For 10388 of these, all declared dependencies could be installed successfully, and we re-ran them to assess reproducibility. Of these, 1203 notebooks ran through without any errors, including 879 that produced results identical to those reported in the original notebook and 324 for which our results differed from the originally reported ones. Running the other notebooks resulted in exceptions. We zoom in on common problems, highlight trends and discuss potential improvements to Jupyter-related workflows associated with biomedical publications.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2209.0430

    La traduzione specializzata all’opera per una piccola impresa in espansione: la mia esperienza di internazionalizzazione in cinese di Bioretics© S.r.l.

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    Global markets are currently immersed in two all-encompassing and unstoppable processes: internationalization and globalization. While the former pushes companies to look beyond the borders of their country of origin to forge relationships with foreign trading partners, the latter fosters the standardization in all countries, by reducing spatiotemporal distances and breaking down geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural barriers. In recent decades, another domain has appeared to propel these unifying drives: Artificial Intelligence, together with its high technologies aiming to implement human cognitive abilities in machinery. The “Language Toolkit – Le lingue straniere al servizio dell’internazionalizzazione dell’impresa” project, promoted by the Department of Interpreting and Translation (ForlĂŹ Campus) in collaboration with the Romagna Chamber of Commerce (ForlĂŹ-Cesena and Rimini), seeks to help Italian SMEs make their way into the global market. It is precisely within this project that this dissertation has been conceived. Indeed, its purpose is to present the translation and localization project from English into Chinese of a series of texts produced by Bioretics© S.r.l.: an investor deck, the company website and part of the installation and use manual of the Aliquis© framework software, its flagship product. This dissertation is structured as follows: Chapter 1 presents the project and the company in detail; Chapter 2 outlines the internationalization and globalization processes and the Artificial Intelligence market both in Italy and in China; Chapter 3 provides the theoretical foundations for every aspect related to Specialized Translation, including website localization; Chapter 4 describes the resources and tools used to perform the translations; Chapter 5 proposes an analysis of the source texts; Chapter 6 is a commentary on translation strategies and choices
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