2,516 research outputs found

    How Philosophy of Mind Needs Philosophy of Chemistry

    Get PDF
    By the 1960s many (perhaps most) philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ ─ the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what count as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many (perhaps most) physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ ─ they hold that entities considered by other (‘special’) sciences have causal powers. Philosophy of chemistry can help resolve main issues in philosophy of mind in three ways: developing an extended mereology applicable to chemical combination, testing whether ‘singularities’ prevent reduction of chemistry to microphysics, and demonstrating ‘downward causation’ in complex networks of chemical reactions

    How Philosophy of Mind Needs Philosophy of Chemistry

    Get PDF
    By the 1960s many (perhaps most) philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ ─ the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what count as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many (perhaps most) physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ ─ they hold that entities considered by other (‘special’) sciences have causal powers. Philosophy of chemistry can help resolve main issues in philosophy of mind in three ways: developing an extended mereology applicable to chemical combination, testing whether ‘singularities’ prevent reduction of chemistry to microphysics, and demonstrating ‘downward causation’ in complex networks of chemical reactions

    System Governance Analysis of Complex Systems

    Get PDF
    The purpose of this research was to develop and deploy a systems-based framework for analysis of complex governance systems using a multimethodology research design. Two research gaps motivated this research: (1) lack of an integrated conceptualization of a system governance construct, (2) an absence of studies that consider both the governed and governing systems as well as the emergent interactions that arise from within complex governance systems. The research focused on three primary questions: (1) What are the distinctive characteristics of governance?; (2) What system-based framework can be developed for analysis of governance in complex systems?, and (3) What results from deployment of the framework in a field setting? The multimethodology research design that guided the effort included three primary phases. First, the literature was synthesized to derive a set of governance elements. This synthesis was accomplished across an extensive and multidisciplinary literature set by a novel method of content document clustering analysis to reveal important elements of governance. Second, a conceptual framework for analysis of system governance was constructed from the confluence of extant governance literature and systems theory. This governance system analysis framework was informed by Bunge\u27s (2003) system perspective to advance the understanding of governance that will be meaningful in a given practice. Finally, a case based application of the analysis framework was conducted to examine implications of the framework from a field perspective. The original research provided contributions to theory, methodology, and practice. From a theoretical perspective, the research contributed to the body of knowledge by providing: (1) a literature derived set of generalizable elements of governance, and (2) the development of a systems-based framework to be used to analyze complex governance systems. From a methodological stand-point, the research advanced an integrated multimethodology research design that featured: (1) a novel content analysis approach for synthesis of diverse literature; (2) the development of an integrated systems analysis method; and (3) a rigorous single-case study application within the engineering management discipline. Lastly, from a practical perspective, the systems framework provided a foundation for derivative approaches to enhance practices related to system governance

    A diversity-aware computational framework for systems biology

    Get PDF
    L'abstract Ăš presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

    Seeing the Forest for the Trees Polycentric Climate Governance in the Amazon

    Get PDF
    The Amazon is rapidly approaching its tipping point, which could turn the tropical rainforest into a dry, carbon-emitting savannah, with catastrophic impacts well beyond the South American continent and its inhabitants. The region is facing a nowadays familiar challenge of combating climate change and promoting social justice. International climate governance is proving ineffective, as it fails to incorporate the long term wellbeing of local communities. Demands for justice have led to calls for more polycentric climate governance (PCG), characterized by multiple independent governance units and a place-based approach to dealing with the possible consequences of climate change. It, however, remains unclear if PCG has also led to more justice, especially in recognizing the value of diverse epistemologies and ontologies with regard to climate change and the creation of the Pluriverse: a world in which multiple worldviews fit. In the culturally diverse Amazon, to what extent can paths based on PCG lead to more justice? Aiming to answer this question, this study examines two examples of subnational climate governance and indigenous peoples’ participation in the Amazon as its case studies: the State of Acre in Brazil and the regional department of Ucayali in Peru. Based on a qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews and relevant policy documents, this study highlights three challenges that need to be addressed for PCG to foster environmental justice: 1) filling governance gaps; 2) increasing meaningful participation; and 3) overcoming epistemic injustices and recognizing alternatives to the hegemonic neoliberal model. Bridging polycentricity and interculturality, diverse systems of knowledge and their adherents need to be better appreciated and incorporated as part of the process of reassessing the purpose of PCG. Only then, will we see the handling of the future of the Amazon in a holistic way: so much more than mere carbon storage.As interaçÔes complexas entre a desflorestação local e as emissĂ”es globais de gases com efeito de estufa determinam os potenciais cenĂĄrios do futuro da floresta amazĂłnica. A AmazĂłnia estĂĄ a aproximar-se rapidamente de um ponto de viragem crĂ­tico, arriscando transformar-se numa savana e assim passar de floresta que captura carbono a territĂłrio emissor de carbono. Essa transformação teria consequĂȘncias drĂĄsticas, que iriam muito alĂ©m do continente sul americano, da sua biodiversidade e dos seus habitantes. A regiĂŁo amazĂłnica enfrenta, portanto, o duplo desafio do combate Ă s alteraçÔes climĂĄticas e da promoção da justiça social. A governança climĂĄtica internacional mostra-se hoje incapaz de garantir o bem-estar, a longo prazo, das comunidades locais. Com esta necessidade de justiça crescem os apelos a uma governança climĂĄtica policĂȘntrica (GCP), caracterizada por vĂĄrios centros de tomada de decisĂŁo independentes. A GCP, termo cunhado pela cientista polĂ­tica Elinor Ostrom, assenta na ação local, valorizando, entre outros fatores, o poder dos governos subnacionais, da sociedade civil, das entidades privadas e das iniciativas transnacionais, para lidar com as possĂ­veis consequĂȘncias das alteraçÔes climĂĄticas. No entanto, nĂŁo Ă© ainda claro se a GCP conduz tambĂ©m a uma intervenção mais justa, especialmente no que se refere ao reconhecimento do valor das diversas epistemologias e ontologias associadas Ă s alteraçÔes climĂĄticas e Ă  criação do “Pluriverso”: um mundo em que coexistem mĂșltiplas cosmovisĂ”es. Numa AmazĂłnia tĂŁo culturalmente diversa, atĂ© que ponto pode a GCP levar a transiçÔes mais justas? Com vista a responder a esta pergunta e compreender o impacto da GCP na (in)justiça AmazĂłnica, esta investigação tĂȘm quatro objetivos: 1) ler a AmazĂłnia Ă  luz da literatura sobre GCP; 2) identificar a territorialização da GCP e quĂŁo justa esta Ă©; 3) analisar como as ontologias e epistemologias locais (indĂ­genas) sĂŁo incorporadas na GCP; e 4) recomendar polĂ­ticas climĂĄticas mais justas e inclusivas da diversidade cultural. Para estudar a GCP na AmazĂłnia, esta investigação emprega uma metodologia qualitativa, assente em dois exemplos de governança climĂĄtica subnacional na AmazĂłnia como estudos de caso: o Estado do Acre no Brasil e o departamento regional de Ucayali no Peru. Ambos sĂŁo vistos como pioneiros na governança climĂĄtica intercultural nos seus contextos nacionais, e estabeleceram grupos de trabalho indĂ­genas integrados nos seus mecanismos de governança regional com vista Ă  promoção da justiça intercultural. Cumulativamente, ambos SEEING THE FOREST FOR THE TREES sĂŁo membros da “Força Tarefa de Governadores para o Clima e Florestas” (GCF), uma rede para a colaboração subnacional na proteção das florestas tropicais. Durante o trabalho de campo, executado o perĂ­odo entre agosto de 2018 e janeiro de 2019, foi realizado um total de 65 entrevistas semiestruturadas (Acre n=26, Ucayali n=39) com os principais atores da GCP, incluindo representantes dos governos subnacionais (municipal e regional), das organizaçÔes nĂŁo-governamentais, do setor privado, das organizaçÔes indĂ­genas, das iniciativas transnacionais e das universidades. AlĂ©m das entrevistas utilizaram-se, como tĂ©cnicas de recolha de dados, a observação participativa e a anĂĄlise documental. Todo o material documental (entrevistas, notas do trabalho de campo e da observação participativa, e documentos) foi analisado qualitativamente por meio do programa de software MAXQDA. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma evolução diferenciada das soluçÔes de GCP entre Acre-Brasil e Ucayali-Peru. Uma anĂĄlise comparativa das oportunidades e desafios para a GCP destaca a importĂąncia dos seguintes fatores: a continuidade e estabilidade polĂ­tica; os ajustamentos e acordos mĂștuos na governança multinĂ­vel; a conceptualização holĂ­stica, multiator e multissetorial do desafio das alteraçÔes climĂĄticas; um foco nĂŁo apenas na mitigação, mas tambĂ©m na adaptação climĂĄtica; e uma inclusĂŁo social efetiva e nĂŁo somente dos grupos que falam a mesma linguagem que o governo. Em segundo lugar, os resultados sublinham a dimensĂŁo espacial da GCP, o seu potencial e tambĂ©m o seu risco para soluçÔes de governança mais justas. Esta investigação foca-se em trĂȘs exemplos emergentes na AmazĂłnia: 1) Cidades amazĂłnicas: A governança climĂĄtica urbana desempenha um papel vital na GCP, nĂŁo sendo, porĂ©m, muitas vezes levada em consideração. AlĂ©m disso, polĂ­ticas contraditĂłrias ao nĂ­vel local, regional e nacional limitam a promoção de uma GCP mais justa; 2) Iniciativas climĂĄticas transnacionais: embora a experimentação com iniciativas transnacionais tenha levado a GCP a incorporar crescentemente a justiça enquanto princĂ­pio operativo, a sua dependĂȘncia de financiamento internacional condiciona a sua imparcialidade; e 3) instrumentos de polĂ­tica pĂșblica territoriais: embora estes sustentem um ordenamento do territĂłrio ajustado Ă  governança climĂĄtica, os seus mapas e bases de dados raramente sĂŁo utilizados para orientar as decisĂ”es dos atores locais. Em terceiro lugar, os resultados enfatizam a importĂąncia de levar em conta a dimensĂŁo cultural da GCP e as perspetivas e epistemologias indĂ­genas face Ă s alteraçÔes climĂĄticas. As cosmovisĂ”es indĂ­genas possuem uma conceção mais holĂ­stica da terra e destacam a importĂąncia do cuidado ancestral e da espiritualidade. Tanto no Acre como em Ucayali estabeleceram-se grupos de trabalho indĂ­genas (GTI) para promover o diĂĄlogo entre o governo subnacional e os SEEING THE FOREST FOR THE TREES povos indĂ­genas. No entanto, esses GTI nĂŁo levaram necessariamente a uma participação efetiva e significativa, nem foram capazes de desafiar uma perspetiva hegemĂłnica da polĂ­tica climĂĄtica. Por Ășltimo, esta investigação fornece recomendaçÔes para uma GCP melhorada que leve em consideração as dimensĂ”es da justiça. Estas recomendaçÔes sĂŁo baseadas nas visĂ”es diversas, e muitas vezes conflituantes, de uma AmazĂłnia segura e justa, apresentadas nas entrevistas com os atores da GCP no Acre e em Ucayali. As recomendaçÔes, juntamente com os respetivos destinatĂĄrios, foram organizadas em quatro categorias: 1. Enquadramento e conceptualização das alteraçÔes climĂĄticas; 2. Interculturalidade; 3. Colaboração intersectorial; e 4. Territorialização. À luz da literatura e do meu quadro teĂłrico-conceitual, a interpretação destes resultados destaca trĂȘs desafios incontornĂĄveis para a promoção de justiça via GCP. Em primeiro lugar, o preenchimento de mĂșltiplas lacunas de governança que dificultam os processos de ajustamento recĂ­proco e a integração intercultural e social na GCP. Na GCP atual falta uma perspetiva local amazĂłnica. AlĂ©m disso, a GCP amazĂłnica trata a ação climĂĄtica separadamente de outros Objetivos de Desenvolvimento SustentĂĄvel (ODS), carecendo de uma visĂŁo coerente das suas mĂșltiplas interaçÔes. Um segundo ponto de discussĂŁo Ă© a falta de uma participação significativa da sociedade civil na GCP. Um olhar crĂ­tico na relação intrĂ­nseca entre governança participativa e dinĂąmicas de poder enfatiza o risco potencial das polĂ­ticas de participação. Embora tanto no Acre como em Ucayali sejam utilizadas abordagens participativas e tenham sido estabelecidos GTI, nada garante que as exigĂȘncias, preocupaçÔes e ideias da sociedade civil em geral, e dos representantes dos povos indĂ­genas em particular, sejam levadas em consideração. O poder de tomada de decisĂŁo permanece nas mĂŁos da "elite do poder tradicional”. Em terceiro e Ășltimo lugar, para que a GCP resulte em processos mais justos, certas injustiças epistĂ©micas precisam de ser ultrapassadas. Para que tal aconteça, Ă© necessĂĄria mais reflexĂŁo sobre “a polĂ­tica de governança do conhecimento” em relação Ă s alteraçÔes climĂĄticas, incluindo as relaçÔes socio-histĂłricas, culturais e polĂ­ticas, e os desequilĂ­brios de poder na coprodução do conhecimento. Tal implica uma descolonização da GCP com vista Ă  sua reconstrução epistĂ©mica e a criação de uma variedade de novas narrativas climĂĄticas, desvinculadas da narrativa hegemĂłnica da modernidade e do modelo neoliberal. TambĂ©m implica remover barreiras Ă  autodeterminação indĂ­gena e ao acesso Ă  terra e a articulação das perspetivas de grupos indĂ­genas agora excluĂ­dos. SEEING THE FOREST FOR THE TREES Para concluir, sĂŁo apresentados trĂȘs tipos de recomendaçÔes para investigação futura. RecomendaçÔes relacionadas com: 1) a natureza da investigação: focar-se mais na investigação qualitativa e exemplos empĂ­ricos de GCP; 2.) o objeto de investigação em GCP: concentrar-se mais em regiĂ”es onde coexistem vĂĄrias epistemologias e ontologias; e 3) a abordagem teĂłrica de investigação em GCP: recorrendo Ă  literatura emergente sobre a Teoria da Governança EvolucionĂĄria e as perspetivas feministas sobre a governança climĂĄtica. Esta investigação teve como objetivo fazer um balanço das vĂĄrias narrativas sobre as alteraçÔes climĂĄticas, a sustentabilidade, a floresta amazĂłnica e seus habitantes, e respeitar a pluriversalidade do mundo. Conceptualmente, examinou as implicaçÔes das soluçÔes de GCP na promoção da justiça. Empiricamente, ofereceu exemplos da dinĂąmica local da GCP na AmazĂłnia. E normativamente, forneceu recomendaçÔes para uma GCP amazĂłnica que leve em consideração as exigĂȘncias de uma governança justa e inclusiva. SĂł entĂŁo podemos “ver a floresta para alĂ©m das ĂĄrvores”, e perceber que a floresta amazĂłnica Ă© muito mais do que um mero instrumento de captura e armazenamento de carbono

    How Philosophy of Mind Needs Philosophy of Chemistry

    Get PDF
    By the 1960s many (perhaps most) philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ ─ the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what count as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many (perhaps most) physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ ─ they hold that entities considered by other (‘special’) sciences have causal powers. Philosophy of chemistry can help resolve main issues in philosophy of mind in three ways: developing an extended mereology applicable to chemical combination, testing whether ‘singularities’ prevent reduction of chemistry to microphysics, and demonstrating ‘downward causation’ in complex networks of chemical reactions

    How Philosophy of Mind Needs Philosophy of Chemistry

    Get PDF
    By the 1960s many (perhaps most) philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ ─ the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what count as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many (perhaps most) physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ ─ they hold that entities considered by other (‘special’) sciences have causal powers. Philosophy of chemistry can help resolve main issues in philosophy of mind in three ways: developing an extended mereology applicable to chemical combination, testing whether ‘singularities’ prevent reduction of chemistry to microphysics, and demonstrating ‘downward causation’ in complex networks of chemical reactions

    SciTech News [full issue]

    Get PDF

    A Knowledge Management System (KMS) Using a Storytelling-based Approach to Collect Tacit Knowledge

    Get PDF
    Since the 1990s, Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) have been largely unsuccessful in the collection of tacit knowledge. The process, whether through direct input by the holder of the tacit knowledge or through an intermediary such as the collection of tacit knowledge through interviews and videos, has not succeeded. Reasons encompass the organizational (such as culture of the organization), the technological (example: poor tools), and the individual (example: knowledge is power, i.e. where experts with rare knowledge results in knowledge hoarding instead of transfer). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that tacit knowledge could be successfully and consistently collected from the participants themselves and placed into a KMS using a storytelling-based approach. This study extended past research that collected stories for KMS’ using interviews and videos by having participants directly entering their data, as stories, into a KMS. This was a new approach and it was posited that having participants use stories to enter their tacit knowledge themselves into a KMS would overcome their reluctance to provide tacit knowledge thus overcoming barriers to providing tacit knowledge into a KMS The validation methodology was based upon three elements: the deep-dive research element, the issues and solution element, and the dissertation proposition element. The deep-dive research element was the extensive research for the study into knowledge management, storytelling, and other various methods for collection of tacit knowledge. The issues and solution element consisted of issues about tacit knowledge that were identified from the deep-dive research element, i.e. general arguments constructed about knowledge management which were backed by data from research into knowledge management systems and storytelling. Theoretical solutions to the issues regarding the capture of tacit knowledge were then constructed which included the storytelling-based approach and a KMS framework for the collection of tacit knowledge. Lastly was the dissertation proposition element which consisted of a thorough analysis of the survey data against each of the dissertation propositions. There were three propositions. Proposition 1 was sharing of knowledge and the storytelling-based approach. Proposition 2 was about the framework, the scenarios, guiding questions, and Communities of Practice (CoP), and Proposition 3 was about participant knowledge and interaction with forums. Each proposition was evaluated independently. The study was successful and validated propositions 1 and 2. For proposition 1, 81% of the participants responded positively to the eight study questions directed towards this proposition. For all eight questions across all 21 participants, the mean was 29.952 against a target test mean of 24 with a range of 27.538-32.367. For proposition 2, 76.19% of participants scored this section positive. For all six questions across all 21 participants, the mean was 23 against a target test mean of 18 with a range of 21.394-24.606. However, the results for proposition 3 were inconclusive and must be considered a failure. Most of the respondents either scored ‘no change’ to at least 50% of the questions or they stated they had never been to a forum. For all four questions across all 21 participants, the mean was 12.905 against a target mean of 12 with a range of 11.896-13.914. Based upon propositions 1 and 2, the null hypothesis was disproved. Participants liked the storytelling-based approach, providing their tacit knowledge, and they liked the framework
    • 

    corecore