PENGARUH ANEMIA DEFISIENSI BESI PADA IBU HAMIL TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN OTAK DINI : SEBUAH TINJAUAN NARATIF

Latar Belakang dan Tujuan : Anemia defisiensi besi merupakan defisiensi mikronutrien yang paling umum terjadi di dunia terutama pada bayi, anak-anak dan ibu hamil. Anemia defisiensi besi pada ibu hamil dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan ibu maupun bayi yang dilahirkan. Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh anemia defisiensi besi pada ibu hamil terhadap perkembangan otak dini yang dilihat dari perkembangan kognitif, motorik, dan perilaku. Metode : Tinjauan ini merupakan tinjauan naratif dari artikel-artikel hasil penelitian kohort yang dipublikasikan tahun 2010-2020 yang menilai pengaruh ADB ibu hamil terhadap perkembangan otak dini pada negara berkembang. Peneliti membatasi domain perkembangan otak dini yang dinilai pada perkembangan kognitif, motorik, dan perilaku keturunan pada usia ≤ 1 tahun. Penelusuran artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiga database elektronik yaitu Google Scholar, Pubmed, dan ScienceDirect. Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan database dan keyword yang ditetapkan teridentifikasi 17.676 artikel. Lima artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dimasukkan dalam tinjauan naratif ini. Studi yang dipublikasikan 2010-2020 telah menemukan pengaruh negatif ADB ibu hamil terhadap perkembangan motorik dan perilaku terutama pada trimester ketiga, namun hasil yang tidak konsisten dilaporkan pada perkembangan kognitif keturunan

Origin and dynamics of oligodendrocytes in the developing brain: Implications for perinatal white matter injury.

Infants born prematurely are at high risk to develop white matter injury (WMI), due to exposure to hypoxic and/or inflammatory insults. Such perinatal insults negatively impact the maturation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), thereby causing deficits in myelination. To elucidate the precise pathophysiology underlying perinatal WMI, it is essential to fully understand the cellular mechanisms contributing to healthy/normal white matter development. OLs are responsible for myelination of axons. During brain development, OLs are generally derived from neuroepithelial zones, where neural stem cells committed to the OL lineage differentiate into OL precursor cells (OPCs). OPCs, in turn, develop into premyelinating OLs and finally mature into myelinating OLs. Recent studies revealed that OPCs develop in multiple waves and form potentially heterogeneous populations. Furthermore, it has been shown that myelination is a dynamic and plastic process with an excess of OPCs being generated and then abolished if not integrated into neural circuits. Myelination patterns between rodents and humans show high spatial and temporal similarity. Therefore, experimental studies on OL biology may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of WMI in the preterm infant and offers new perspectives on potential treatments for these patients.This work was funded by the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Research Fund and the Brain Foundation Netherlands

Effects of adolescent alcohol binge drinking on prefrontal myelin

Alcohol binge drinking is highly prevalent in teenagers and is associated with various harmful health effects and social problems. During adolescence, brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are still undergoing active development, characterized by increases in white matter volume. While the morphological details and the cellular and molecular sequences governing adolescent white matter development are not fully known, it is known that this development process is sensitive and can be disrupted. Although consumption of alcohol in a binge drinking pattern has been linked to lower white matter integrity in humans, it is important to determine if alcohol is causing this change or if predisposing factors can influence drinking. A rodent model of voluntary binge drinking was used to elicit high alcohol intake during a short developmental window in adolescence. Myelin was then assessed using several histochemical measures. Results showed that adolescent development is marked by an increase in myelinated fibers in the PFC that accompanied an increase in conduction velocity, and alcohol reduces prefrontal white matter and myelinated fiber density. In addition, heavy drinking was associated with long-term cognitive deficits. I also investigated sex differences in the effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on PFC myelination, showing that males appear to be more vulnerable than females. The findings altogether increase our understanding of the developmental process of prefrontal myelination in adolescence and the maladaptive effects alcohol can have on this critical process