175,486 research outputs found
How to Evaluate Controlled Natural Languages
This paper presents a general framework how controlled natural languages can
be evaluated and compared on the basis of user experiments. The subjects are
asked to classify given statements (in the language to be tested) as either
true or false with respect to a certain situation that is shown in a graphical
notation called "ontographs". A first experiment has been conducted that
applies this framework to the language Attempto Controlled English (ACE)
Machine Translation to Control Formality Features in the Target Language
Formality plays a significant role in language communication, especially in
low-resource languages such as Hindi, Japanese and Korean. These languages
utilise formal and informal expressions to convey messages based on social
contexts and relationships. When a language translation technique is used to
translate from a source language that does not pertain the formality (e.g.
English) to a target language that does, there is a missing information on
formality that could be a challenge in producing an accurate outcome. This
research explores how this issue should be resolved when machine learning
methods are used to translate from English to languages with formality, using
Hindi as the example data. This was done by training a bilingual model in a
formality-controlled setting and comparing its performance with a pre-trained
multilingual model in a similar setting. Since there are not a lot of training
data with ground truth, automated annotation techniques were employed to
increase the data size. The primary modeling approach involved leveraging
transformer models, which have demonstrated effectiveness in various natural
language processing tasks. We evaluate the official formality accuracy(ACC) by
comparing the predicted masked tokens with the ground truth. This metric
provides a quantitative measure of how well the translations align with the
desired outputs. Our study showcases a versatile translation strategy that
considers the nuances of formality in the target language, catering to diverse
language communication needs and scenarios.Comment: 9 pages, based on DCU MCM Practicum 2022/202
AceWiki: A Natural and Expressive Semantic Wiki
We present AceWiki, a prototype of a new kind of semantic wiki using the
controlled natural language Attempto Controlled English (ACE) for representing
its content. ACE is a subset of English with a restricted grammar and a formal
semantics. The use of ACE has two important advantages over existing semantic
wikis. First, we can improve the usability and achieve a shallow learning
curve. Second, ACE is more expressive than the formal languages of existing
semantic wikis. Our evaluation shows that people who are not familiar with the
formal foundations of the Semantic Web are able to deal with AceWiki after a
very short learning phase and without the help of an expert.Comment: To be published as: Proceedings of Semantic Web User Interaction at
CHI 2008: Exploring HCI Challenges, CEUR Workshop Proceeding
Handling non-compositionality in multilingual CNLs
In this paper, we describe methods for handling multilingual
non-compositional constructions in the framework of GF. We specifically look at
methods to detect and extract non-compositional phrases from parallel texts and
propose methods to handle such constructions in GF grammars. We expect that the
methods to handle non-compositional constructions will enrich CNLs by providing
more flexibility in the design of controlled languages. We look at two specific
use cases of non-compositional constructions: a general-purpose method to
detect and extract multilingual multiword expressions and a procedure to
identify nominal compounds in German. We evaluate our procedure for multiword
expressions by performing a qualitative analysis of the results. For the
experiments on nominal compounds, we incorporate the detected compounds in a
full SMT pipeline and evaluate the impact of our method in machine translation
process.Comment: CNL workshop in COLING 201
Declarative Specification
Deriving formal specifications from informal requirements is extremely difficult since one has to overcome the conceptual gap between an application domain and the domain of formal specification methods. To reduce this gap we introduce application-specific specification languages, i.e., graphical and textual notations that can be unambiguously mapped to formal specifications in a logic language. We describe a number of realised approaches based on this idea, and evaluate them with respect to their domain specificity vs. generalit
How Controlled English can Improve Semantic Wikis
The motivation of semantic wikis is to make acquisition, maintenance, and
mining of formal knowledge simpler, faster, and more flexible. However, most
existing semantic wikis have a very technical interface and are restricted to a
relatively low level of expressivity. In this paper, we explain how AceWiki
uses controlled English - concretely Attempto Controlled English (ACE) - to
provide a natural and intuitive interface while supporting a high degree of
expressivity. We introduce recent improvements of the AceWiki system and user
studies that indicate that AceWiki is usable and useful
Toward Semantics-aware Representation of Digital Business Processes
An extended enterprise (EE) can be described by a set of models each representing a specific aspect of the EE.
Aspects can for example be the process flow or the value description. However, different models are done by different
people, which may use different terminology, which prevents relating the models. Therefore, we propose a framework
consisting of process flow and value aspects and in addition a static domain model with structural and relational
components. Further, we outline the usage of the static domain model to enable relating the different aspects
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