4 research outputs found

    Distinguishing between cognitive explanations of the problem size effect in mental arithmetic via representational similarity analysis of fMRI data

    Get PDF
    Not all researchers interested in human behavior remain convinced that modern neuroimaging techniques have much to contribute to distinguishing between competing cognitive models for explaining human behavior, especially if one removes reverse inference from the table. Here, we took up this challenge in an attempt to distinguish between two competing accounts of the problem size effect (PSE), a robust finding in investigations of mathematical cognition. The PSE occurs when people solve arithmetic problems and indicates that numerically large problems are solved more slowly and erroneously than small problems. Neurocognitive explanations for the PSE can be categorized into representation-based and process-based views. Behavioral and traditional univariate neural measures have struggled to distinguish between these accounts. By contrast, a representational similarity analysis (RSA) approach with fMRI data provides competing hypotheses that can distinguish between accounts without recourse to reverse inference. To that end, our RSA (but not univariate) results provided clear evidence in favor of the representation-based over the process-based account of the PSE in multiplication; for addition, the results were less clear. Post-hoc similarity analysis distinguished still further between competing representation-based theoretical accounts. Namely, data favored the notion that individual multiplication problems are stored as individual memory traces sensitive to input frequency over a strictly magnitude-based account of memory encoding. Together, these results provide an example of how human neuroimaging evidence can directly inform cognitive-level explanations of a common behavioral phenomenon, the problem size effect. More broadly, these data may expand our understanding of calculation and memory systems in general

    The brain lateralization and development of math functions: progress since Sperry, 1974

    Get PDF
    In 1974, Roger Sperry, based on his seminal studies on the split-brain condition, concluded that math was almost exclusively sustained by the language dominant left hemisphere. The right hemisphere could perform additions up to sums less than 20, the only exception to a complete left hemisphere dominance. Studies on lateralized focal lesions came to a similar conclusion, except for written complex calculation, where spatial abilities are needed to display digits in the right location according to the specific requirements of calculation procedures. Fifty years later, the contribution of new theoretical and instrumental tools lead to a much more complex picture, whereby, while left hemisphere dominance for math in the right-handed is confirmed for most functions, several math related tasks seem to be carried out in the right hemisphere. The developmental trajectory in the lateralization of math functions has also been clarified. This corpus of knowledge is reviewed here. The right hemisphere does not simply offer its support when calculation requires generic space processing, but its role can be very specific. For example, the right parietal lobe seems to store the operation-specific spatial layout required for complex arithmetical procedures and areas like the right insula are necessary in parsing complex numbers containing zero. Evidence is found for a complex orchestration between the two hemispheres even for simple tasks: each hemisphere has its specific role, concurring to the correct result. As for development, data point to right dominance for basic numerical processes. The picture that emerges at school age is a bilateral pattern with a significantly greater involvement of the right-hemisphere, particularly in non-symbolic tasks. The intraparietal sulcus shows a left hemisphere preponderance in response to symbolic stimuli at this age

    Indicadores de progreso del aprendizaje en matem谩ticas en el contexto del modelo de respuesta a la intervenci贸n.

    Get PDF
    El Modelo de Respuesta a la Intervenci贸n (Response to Intervenci贸n Model, RtI por sus siglas en ingl茅s) se caracteriza por ser un sistema preventivo, siendo sus componentes fundamentales la evaluaci贸n del estatus de riesgo del alumnado, la monitorizaci贸n del progreso, el empleo de un sistema de intervenci贸n basado en niveles de intensidad, y la toma de decisiones basada en los datos. Las medidas basadas en el curr铆culo han sido frecuentemente empleadas como herramientas de detecci贸n y monitorizaci贸n del progreso de alumnado en riesgo debido a que son v谩lidas, fiables y f谩ciles de administrar por docentes en el aula ordinaria. Asimismo, el dise帽o de programas de intervenci贸n basados en lo que prescribe la evidencia cient铆fica ha sido uno de los requisitos fundamentales de la intervenci贸n dentro del Modelo RtI. Teniendo esto en cuenta, para esta tesis doctoral se establecieron dos objetivos fundamentales. El primer objetivo fue el dise帽o, la estandarizaci贸n y la validaci贸n de una medida basada en el curr铆culo en el 谩rea de las matem谩ticas, destinada a primero, segundo y tercero de Educaci贸n Primaria de la Comunidad Aut贸noma de Canarias, que cumpliera con el doble objetivo de detectar al alumnado en riesgo y monitorizar su progreso. El segundo objetivo fue evaluar los efectos del nivel 2 de intervenci贸n del Modelo RtI en el 谩rea de las matem谩ticas en primero, segundo y tercero de Educaci贸n Primaria. Para el primer objetivo, una muestra de 664 alumnos de Tenerife (Canarias, Espa帽a), distribuidos en primer, segundo y tercero curso participaron en la estandarizaci贸n de la medida Indicadores de Progreso del Aprendizaje en Matem谩ticas (IPAM), compuesta por cinco tareas: comparaci贸n num茅rica, secuencias num茅ricas, operaciones de dos d铆gitos, operaciones de un d铆gito y valor de posici贸n. Para todas las tareas se analizaron los 铆ndices de fiabilidad, validez, utilidad predictiva y pendientes de crecimiento. Para el segundo objetivo, una muestra inicial de 4704 alumnos y 48 docentes de las Islas Canarias (Espa帽a) distribuidos en primer, segundo y tercero curso participaron en la implementaci贸n del nivel 2 del Modelo RtI. Para ello se analiz贸 la fidelidad de la implementaci贸n de la evaluaci贸n e intervenci贸n. Asimismo, se analiz贸 la eficacia de la intervenci贸n por medio del an谩lisis de las pendientes de crecimiento del alumnado intervenido y no intervenido a lo largo del curso
    corecore