Environmental Planning and Modeling

The focus of this reprint is on environmental planning and modeling. It examines articles on green consumption, biodiversity, and household waste recycling, as well as presenting a review of the trend in publications on household waste recycling. A number of country-based applications are presented and models are used to show how multiple perspectives can be considered in policy making. This reprint will be of special interest to researchers and readers involved in sustainability management. Further, although some chapters present models to solve sustainability problems, they also share policy and decision-making frameworks for applying such models

Assessing the reliability and validity of Google Scholar indicators : The case of social sciences in Italy

Google Scholar is an appealing data source for the measurement of scientific production in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) fields. Its appeal derives from its extensive coverage of the literature. This contrasts with issues of data quality, which are still quite controversial. This chapter aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of bibliometric indicators taken from Scholar as well as their coverage of the scientific production in the social sciences. The analysis will be based on a comparison of Scholar with other bibliometric data sources (Web of Science and Scopus) plus an institutional dataset. The reliability of Scholar indicators will be investigated through correlational analysis, while their validity will be assessed using different external criteria (the results of national evaluation procedures based on a peer review approach). The analysis will be developed for the population of Italian university professors in a subset of SSH: political philosophy, history, political science and sociology. The final discussion of the results will take into account the various purposes that bibliometric exercises try to achieve

Project Retrosight. Understanding the returns from cardiovascular and stroke research: Case Studies

Copyright @ 2011 RAND Europe. All rights reserved. The full text article is available via the link below.This project explores the impacts arising from cardiovascular and stroke research funded 15-20 years ago and attempts to draw out aspects of the research, researcher or environment that are associated with high or low impact. The project is a case study-based review of 29 cardiovascular and stroke research grants, funded in Australia, Canada and UK between 1989 and 1993. The case studies focused on the individual grants but considered the development of the investigators and ideas involved in the research projects from initiation to the present day. Grants were selected through a stratified random selection approach that aimed to include both high- and low-impact grants. The key messages are as follows: 1) The cases reveal that a large and diverse range of impacts arose from the 29 grants studied. 2) There are variations between the impacts derived from basic biomedical and clinical research. 3) There is no correlation between knowledge production and wider impacts 4) The majority of economic impacts identified come from a minority of projects. 5) We identified factors that appear to be associated with high and low impact. This report presents the key observations of the study and an overview of the methods involved. It has been written for funders of biomedical and health research and health services, health researchers, and policy makers in those fields. It will also be of interest to those involved in research and impact evaluation.This study was initiated with internal funding from RAND Europe and HERG, with continuing funding from the UK National Institute for Health Research, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The UK Stroke Association and the British Heart Foundation provided support in kind through access to their archives

Sustainable AI : An inventory of the state of knowledge of ethical, social, and legal challenges related to artificial intelligence

This report is an inventory of the state of knowledge of ethical, social, and legal challenges related to artificial intelligence conducted within the Swedish Vinnova-funded project “Hållbar AI – AI Ethics and Sustainability”, led by Anna Felländer. Based on a review and mapping of reports and studies, a quantitative and bibliometric analysis, and in-depth analyses of the healt- care sector, the telecom sector, and digital platforms, the report proposes three recommendations. Sustainable AI requires: 1. a broad focus on AI governance and regulation issues, 2. promoting multi-disciplinary collaboration, and 3. building trust in AI applications and applied machine-learning, which is a matter of key importance and requires further study of the relationship between transparency and accountability

Is there cross-fertilization in macroeconomics? A quantitative exploration of the interactions between DSGE and macro agent-based models

This paper compares Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) and Macro Agent-Based Models(MABMs) by adopting mainly a distant reading perspective. A set of 2,299 papers is retrieved from Scopus byusing keywords related to MABM and DSGE domains. The interactions between the two streams of DSGE andMABM literature are explored by considering a social axis (co-authorship network), and an intellectual axis (citedreferences and bibliographic coupling). The analysis gave results that are neither consistent with a unitarystructure of macroeconomics, nor with a simple dichotomic structure of alternative paradigms and separatedacademics communities. Indeed, the co-authorship network shows that DSGE and MABM form fragmentedcommunities still belonging to two different larger MABM and DSGE communities rather neatly separated.Collaboration insists mainly inside the smaller groups and inside each of the two larger DSGE and MABMcommunities. Moreover, the co-authorship network analysis does not show evidence of systematic collaborationbetween MABM and DSGE authors. From an intellectual point of view, data show that DSGE and MABM articlesrefer to two different sets of bibliographic references. When a measure of paper-similarity is adopted, it appearsthat DSGE literature is fragmented in 4 groups while the MABM articles are clustered together in a unique group.Hence, DSGE approach is less monolithic than at the time of the New Synthesis: indeed, a large and a growingliterature has developed at the margins of the core DSGE approach which includes elements of heterogeneousagent modelling, social interactions, experiments, expectations formation, learning etc. The analysis gave noevidence of cross-fertilization between DSGE and MABM literature whilst it rather suggests a totallydissymmetric influence of DSGE over MABM literature, i.e., only MABM modelers look at DSGE but not vice-versa. The paper questions the capacity of the current dominant approach to benefit from cross-fertilization

The Artificial Intelligence in Digital Pathology and Digital Radiology: Where Are We?

This book is a reprint of the Special Issue entitled "The Artificial Intelligence in Digital Pathology and Digital Radiology: Where Are We?". Artificial intelligence is extending into the world of both digital radiology and digital pathology, and involves many scholars in the areas of biomedicine, technology, and bioethics. There is a particular need for scholars to focus on both the innovations in this field and the problems hampering integration into a robust and effective process in stable health care models in the health domain. Many professionals involved in these fields of digital health were encouraged to contribute with their experiences. This book contains contributions from various experts across different fields. Aspects of the integration in the health domain have been faced. Particular space was dedicated to overviewing the challenges, opportunities, and problems in both radiology and pathology. Clinal deepens are available in cardiology, the hystopathology of breast cancer, and colonoscopy. Dedicated studies were based on surveys which investigated students and insiders, opinions, attitudes, and self-perception on the integration of artificial intelligence in this field

The Geography of Scientific Collaboration

Science is increasingly defined by multidimensional collaborative networks. Despite the unprecedented growth of scientific collaboration around the globe – the collaborative turn – geography still matters for the cognitive enterprise. This book explores how geography conditions scientific collaboration and how collaboration affects the spatiality of science. This book offers a complex analysis of the spatial aspects of scientific collaboration, addressing the topic at a number of levels: individual, organizational, urban, regional, national, and international. Spatial patterns of scientific collaboration are analysed along with their determinants and consequences. By combining a vast array of approaches, concepts, and methodologies, the volume offers a comprehensive theoretical framework for the geography of scientific collaboration. The examples of scientific collaboration policy discussed in the book are taken from the European Union, the United States, and China. Through a number of case studies the authors analyse the background, development and evaluation of these policies. This book will be of interest to researchers in diverse disciplines such as regional studies, scientometrics, R&D policy, socio-economic geography and network analysis. It will also be of interest to policymakers, and to managers of research organisations

Blockchain-Based Digitalization of Logistics Processes—Innovation, Applications, Best Practices

Blockchain technology is becoming one of the most powerful future technologies in supporting logistics processes and applications. It has the potential to destroy and reorganize traditional logistics structures. Both researchers and practitioners all over the world continuously report on novel blockchain-based projects, possibilities, and innovative solutions with better logistic service levels and lower costs. The idea of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the status quo in research and possibilities to effectively implement blockchain-based solutions in business practice. This Special Issue reprint contained well-prepared research reports regarding recent advances in blockchain technology around logistics processes to provide insights into realized maturity

Peer review in an Era of Evaluation

This open access volume explores peer review in the scientific community and academia. While peer review is as old as modern science itself, recent changes in the evaluation culture of higher education systems have increased the use of peer review, and its purposes, forms and functions have become more diversified. This book put together a comprehensive set of conceptual and empirical contributions on various peer review practices with relevance for the scientific community and higher education institutions worldwide. Consisting of three parts, the editors and contributors examine the history, problems and developments of peer review, as well as the specificities of various peer review practices. In doing so, this book gives an overview on and examine peer review , and asks how it can move forward. This is an open access book