Weekly Kentucky New Era, July 13, 1888

Gljive su najrasprostranjeniji organizmi na Zemlji sa značajnom ulogom u odvijanju ekoloških procesa u brojnim, posebno šumskim, ekosustavima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio in vitro istražiti antimikrobnu aktivnost samoniklih gljiva Macrolepiota procera, Lactarius piperatus, Hydnum repandum, Clitocybe nebularis i Craterellus cornucopioides prikupljenih na području Primorsko-goranske županije. Metanolni ekstrakti odabranih gljiva testirani su prema dvije gram-negativne (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) i dvije gram-pozitivne (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 292129) bakterije Antimikrobni učinak određen je korištenjem difuzijskih (disk-difuzija i difuzija u jažicama) i mikrodilucijske metode kojom su određene vrijednosti minimalne inhibitorne i minimalne baktericidne koncentracije. U najvećoj ispitivanoj koncentraciji (200 mg/mL) sve su gljive pokazale inhibitorni učinak prema svim odabranim bakterijama, osim M. procera koja ni u najvećoj koncentraciji nije inhibirala rast bakterije E. faecalis. M. procera je pokazala naslabiju antimikrobnu aktivnost u usporedbi s ostalim ispitivanih gljivama. Ekstrakt gljive C. nebularis ima skromnu antimikrobnu djelotvornost, posebno prema gram-pozitivnim bakterijama. Najbolji antimikrobni učinak uočen je za gljive C. cornucopioides i H. repandum koje su u koncentraciji od 100 mg/mL djelovale bakteriostatski na sve odabrane bakterije. Od gram-pozitivnih bakterija osjetljivijim se pokazao S. aureus, a među gram-negativnim P. aeruginosa. Enterococcus faecalis bio je najrezistentniji među ispitivanim bakterijama Rezultati su pokazali da ekstrakti jestivih gljiva, posebno gljiva C. cornucopioides i H. repandum s iskazanim antimikrobnim učinkom, mogu biti izvor novih bioaktivnih spojeva s potencijalnom primjenom u medicini, farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji.Mushrooms are the most widespread organisms on Earth with a significant role in the ecological processes in numerous, especially forest, ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of Macrolepiotia procera, Lactarius piperatus, Hydnum repandum, Clitocybe nebularis and Craterellus cornucopioides collected in the forests of the Primorsko-goranska county. Methanol extracts of the selected mushrooms were tested against two gram negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 292129). The antimicrobial effect was determined using diffusion methods (disc diffusion and diffusion in the wells) and a microdilution method which determines minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations. At the highest concentration tested (200 mg/mL), all fungi showed an inhibitory effect on all selected bacteria, except M. procera which did not inhibit the growth of bacterium E. faecalis evan at the highest concentration. M. procera showed the weakest antimicrobial activity compared to other investigated mushrooms. C. nebularis extract has modest antimicrobial efficacy, especially against gram-positive bacteria. The best antimicrobial effect was observed for fungi C. cornucopioides and H. repandum, which at concentrations of 100 mg/mL acted bacteriostatic against all selected bacteria. Among the gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus proved to be more susceptible to mushrooms extract, while among gram-negative more susceptible was P. aeruginosa. E. faecalis was the most resistant among the bacteria tested. 41 The results have shown that edible mushroom extracts, especially C. cornucopioides and H. repandum with expressed antimicrobial effects, can be the source of new bioactive compounds with potential use in medicine, as well as pharmaceutical and food industry

Mormon Midwife

Patty Session\u27s 1847 Mormon Trail diary has been widely quoted and excerpted, but her complete diaries chronicling the first decades of Mormon settlement at Salt Lake City have never before been published. They provide a detailed record of early Mormon community life from Illinois to Utah through the eyes of Mormondom\u27s most famous midwife. They also recount her important role in women\u27s social networks and her contributions to community health and Utah\u27s economy, to pioneer education and horticulture. Patty Sessions assisted at the births of humdreds of early Mormons and first-generation Utahns, meticulously recording the events. Shed had an active role in the founding of the Relief Society and health organizations. She spoke in tongues and administered spiritually as well as medically to the ill. Her diaries are a rich resource for early Mormon and Utah history.https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/1092/thumbnail.jp

Spelling, punctuation and material culture in the later Paston letters

This thesis examines the spelling practices and letter-writing conventions to be found in the letters and papers of the Paston family and their circle during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Hitherto, most scholarly attention has been on the fifteenth-century material found in Paston archives, with comparatively little research undertaken on the extensive later materials. This thesis is intended as a partial attempt to address this lacuna, drawing on new approaches to the study of early modern English letters. It draws upon a new comprehensive diplomatic transcription of the materials, consisting of approximately 500 documents containing 200,000 words. Building on an earlier pilot study (Weir 2009), the thesis falls into three main chapters, each addressing the collection from a distinct perspective, framed by a contextualising introduction (chapter 1) and a conclusion summarising the findings of the thesis and offering suggestions for future work (chapter 5). Chapter 2 begins with a key question: (1) How did letter-writing conventions of address and subscription alter and develop - if at all - through the Early Modern period, and are these changes reflected in the Paston family correspondence? The thesis demonstrates how the letters preserved in London, British Library, Additional MSS 27447, 27448 and 36988 displayed adherence to formulaic usages, even though, across the 150 years of their construction, there is a notable shift towards shorter constructions. Further research questions linked to these issues involved in address and subscription engage with the material culture of the correspondence: (2) What materials are used for the letters in question? (3) How do writers relate text to space? (4) How were the letters delivered to their recipients, and how and for what reasons were they preserved? Across the collection of letters, there was a clear development in the material culture of letter-writing, most notably through the development of the postal networks in the period, even though letter-writing tools remained relatively unchanged for centuries. Chapter 3 examines spelling practices in the letters. It addresses the following research questions: (1) How standardised were the Paston letters? (2) To what extent do spelling practices differ between male and female letter- writers? (3) Where such practices vary within an individual’s lifetime is it possible to identify the social factors which contributed to that change? (4) To what extent – and if so why -- do these habits vary between generations of the same family? In order to answer these questions, the spelling habits of Robert Paston and his family were examined, along with a number of letters by identifiable female letter-writers. The thesis demonstrates that the letters in the collection displayed a move towards more standardised spellings, but that the use of personal spelling systems and non-standard variants was still very much in evidence. Chapter 4 focuses on further pragmatic features characteristic of Early Modern English correspondence, with a special focus on the function of punctuation. Research questions addressed include: (1) If punctuation is used at all, in what context is it deployed? (2) How – if at all -- does the use of punctuation vary between male and female correspondents? In addition, this chapter will look at communicative acts within the letters including politeness, terms of address, and the use of formulaic constructions, leading to a further question: (3) To what extent do more general pragmatic features vary across the generations and genders of letter-writers? The thesis finds that punctuation practices of female writers vary considerably, even within the output of single individuals, but also that such variation and unconventional usage was not restricted to them. However, during the period covered by the archive there is a clear progression from the use of virgules and limited punctuation through to the deployment of punctuation broadly recognisable to present-day readers