Optimizing Scrubbing by Netlist Analysis for FPGA Configuration Bit Classification and Floorplanning

Existing scrubbing techniques for SEU mitigation on FPGAs do not guarantee an error-free operation after SEU recovering if the affected configuration bits do belong to feedback loops of the implemented circuits. In this paper, we a) provide a netlist-based circuit analysis technique to distinguish so-called critical configuration bits from essential bits in order to identify configuration bits which will need also state-restoring actions after a recovered SEU and which not. Furthermore, b) an alternative classification approach using fault injection is developed in order to compare both classification techniques. Moreover, c) we will propose a floorplanning approach for reducing the effective number of scrubbed frames and d), experimental results will give evidence that our optimization methodology not only allows to detect errors earlier but also to minimize the Mean-Time-To-Repair (MTTR) of a circuit considerably. In particular, we show that by using our approach, the MTTR for datapath-intensive circuits can be reduced by up to 48.5% in comparison to standard approaches

Fault-tolerant fpga for mission-critical applications.

One of the devices that play a great role in electronic circuits design, specifically safety-critical design applications, is Field programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). This is because of its high performance, re-configurability and low development cost. FPGAs are used in many applications such as data processing, networks, automotive, space and industrial applications. Negative impacts on the reliability of such applications result from moving to smaller feature sizes in the latest FPGA architectures. This increases the need for fault-tolerant techniques to improve reliability and extend system lifetime of FPGA-based applications. In this thesis, two fault-tolerant techniques for FPGA-based applications are proposed with a built-in fault detection region. A low cost fault detection scheme is proposed for detecting faults using the fault detection region used in both schemes. The fault detection scheme primarily detects open faults in the programmable interconnect resources in the FPGAs. In addition, Stuck-At faults and Single Event Upsets (SEUs) fault can be detected. For fault recovery, each scheme has its own fault recovery approach. The first approach uses a spare module and a 2-to-1 multiplexer to recover from any fault detected. On the other hand, the second approach recovers from any fault detected using the property of Partial Reconfiguration (PR) in the FPGAs. It relies on identifying a Partially Reconfigurable block (P_b) in the FPGA that is used in the recovery process after the first faulty module is identified in the system. This technique uses only one location to recover from faults in any of the FPGA’s modules and the FPGA interconnects. Simulation results show that both techniques can detect and recover from open faults. In addition, Stuck-At faults and Single Event Upsets (SEUs) fault can also be detected. Finally, both techniques require low area overhead

Heterogeneous Configuration Memory Scrubbing for Soft Error Mitigation in FPGAs

Abstract—In this paper, we present HCS – Heterogeneous CRAM Scrubbing – for FPGAs. By utilizing stochastic fault modeling for SEUs in CRAM, we present a quantitative estimate of system MTTF improvement through CRAM scrubbing. HCS then leverages the fact that different SEUs have unequal effects on the circuit system operation, and thus the CRAM bits can be scrubbed at different rates based on the sensitivity of the bits to the circuit system failures. To maximize the improvement on system MTTF for a given circuit system, we present a dynamic programming algorithm which solves the problem efficiently and effectively. Through a detailed case study on system level study by an H.264/AVC decoder implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA, we show an estimation of 60 % MTTF improvement by HCS over the existing homogeneous CRAM scrubbing method, while contributing virtually no area, performance and power overhead to the system

Virtual Runtime Application Partitions for Resource Management in Massively Parallel Architectures

This thesis presents a novel design paradigm, called Virtual Runtime Application Partitions (VRAP), to judiciously utilize the on-chip resources. As the dark silicon era approaches, where the power considerations will allow only a fraction chip to be powered on, judicious resource management will become a key consideration in future designs. Most of the works on resource management treat only the physical components (i.e. computation, communication, and memory blocks) as resources and manipulate the component to application mapping to optimize various parameters (e.g. energy efficiency). To further enhance the optimization potential, in addition to the physical resources we propose to manipulate abstract resources (i.e. voltage/frequency operating point, the fault-tolerance strength, the degree of parallelism, and the configuration architecture). The proposed framework (i.e. VRAP) encapsulates methods, algorithms, and hardware blocks to provide each application with the abstract resources tailored to its needs. To test the efficacy of this concept, we have developed three distinct self adaptive environments: (i) Private Operating Environment (POE), (ii) Private Reliability Environment (PRE), and (iii) Private Configuration Environment (PCE) that collectively ensure that each application meets its deadlines using minimal platform resources. In this work several novel architectural enhancements, algorithms and policies are presented to realize the virtual runtime application partitions efficiently. Considering the future design trends, we have chosen Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) and Network on Chips (NoCs) to test the feasibility of our approach. Specifically, we have chosen Dynamically Reconfigurable Resource Array (DRRA) and McNoC as the representative CGRA and NoC platforms. The proposed techniques are compared and evaluated using a variety of quantitative experiments. Synthesis and simulation results demonstrate VRAP significantly enhances the energy and power efficiency compared to state of the art.Siirretty Doriast

Caracterización de la tolerancia a fallos de circuitos implementados en FPGAs

213 p.Las FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array) y los SoC (System-on-chip) basados en FPGA son dispositivos electrónicos configurables en campo (in field), que ofrecen la posibilidad de desarrollar un circuito a medida con un tiempo de salida al mercado y unos costes de diseño reducidos en comparación con los ASICs. Debido a la reducción continua del tamaño de los transistores, las prestaciones de estos dispositivos se están incrementando de manera vertiginosa en las últimas décadas, lo que ha generado interés en sectores muy específicos como automoción, ferroviario, industrial, aviónico o aeroespacial. En estos sectores se exige que los diseños estén orientados a confiabilidad y que cumplan con diversas normativas de seguridad, lo que requiere de métodos para la estimación y justificación de la tasa de fallos del sistema. El problema radica en que las FPGAs son especialmente susceptibles al SEU (Single Event Upset) generado por radiación en la memoria de configuración, un tipo de error que provoca la modificación aleatoria de uno o más bits de dicha memoria, afectando al circuito implementado. Por lo tanto, los diseños orientados a confiabilidad que utilicen FPGAs comerciales han de considerar la inclusión de una serie de medidas y mecanismos para mitigar sus efectos. No solo eso, sino que también es necesaria la aplicación de mecanismos de evaluación para corroborar que las estrategias aplicadas permiten alcanzar los objetivos de confiabilidad. De entre los diferentes procedimientos de evaluación aplicables se destaca la emulación de SEUs, que consiste en programar el dispositivo con un archivo intencionadamente corrompido para que se almacene contenido erróneo en la memoria de configuración, lo que genera un efecto análogo al SEU. Se han estudiado diferentes metodologías de emulación en la literatura y se han observado una serie de deficiencias. Por un lado, los métodos de emulación internos (los errores se inyectan desde la propia FPGA) tienen el problema de ser autobloqueantes, ya que el error inyectado puede afectar al propio sistema de emulación. Por otro lado, los sistemas de emulación externos pueden requerir cambios importantes a nivel de hardware.El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un mecanismo de emulación de SEUs que pueda implementarse de manera sencilla en sistemas ya construidos, cuyo único requisito es que dicho sistema tenga un SoC FPGA del tipo Zynq o similar. Además, se pretenden solventar las deficiencias observadas en la literatura aprovechando las diferentes capacidades que ofrecen los SoCs que combinan FPGA y sistema procesador (PS). Para ello se ha planteado la implementación del sistema de inyección de errores en el PS, ya que de esta manera se previenen las inyecciones de errores bloqueantes. De igual modo, aunque las inyecciones de realicen desde fuera de la FPGA, las inyecciones se llevan a cabo desde el interior del propio chip, evitando la necesidad de añadir modificaciones en el hardware. Se ha propuesto un esquema de verificación universal independiente de la aplicación, de modo que el esquema de test pueda ser adaptado a diferentes sistemas de forma sencilla, independientemente de su complejidad.Una vez planteada la metodología de emulación, se han realizado otras dos aportaciones. En primer lugar se ha comprobado cómo afectan las diferentes decisiones que puedan tomarse en las diferentes etapas de la fase de diseño. Aquí se ha comprobado que un mismo diseño puede tener fluctuaciones de hasta el 50\% si se modifican algunos parámetros. Por otro lado, habiendo observado que los emuladores de SEU existentes en la literatura se centran en el estudio del SBU (Single Bit Upset), se ha propuesto un procedimiento para la estimación de la tasa de fallo en presencia de MCUs (Multiple Cell Upsets)