Brain and Human Body Modeling

This open access book describes modern applications of computational human modeling with specific emphasis in the areas of neurology and neuroelectromagnetics, depression and cancer treatments, radio-frequency studies and wireless communications. Special consideration is also given to the use of human modeling to the computational assessment of relevant regulatory and safety requirements. Readers working on applications that may expose human subjects to electromagnetic radiation will benefit from this book’s coverage of the latest developments in computational modelling and human phantom development to assess a given technology’s safety and efficacy in a timely manner. Describes construction and application of computational human models including anatomically detailed and subject specific models; Explains new practices in computational human modeling for neuroelectromagnetics, electromagnetic safety, and exposure evaluations; Includes a survey of modern applications for which computational human models are critical; Describes cellular-level interactions between the human body and electromagnetic fields

Brain and Human Body Modeling

This open access book describes modern applications of computational human modeling with specific emphasis in the areas of neurology and neuroelectromagnetics, depression and cancer treatments, radio-frequency studies and wireless communications. Special consideration is also given to the use of human modeling to the computational assessment of relevant regulatory and safety requirements. Readers working on applications that may expose human subjects to electromagnetic radiation will benefit from this book’s coverage of the latest developments in computational modelling and human phantom development to assess a given technology’s safety and efficacy in a timely manner. Describes construction and application of computational human models including anatomically detailed and subject specific models; Explains new practices in computational human modeling for neuroelectromagnetics, electromagnetic safety, and exposure evaluations; Includes a survey of modern applications for which computational human models are critical; Describes cellular-level interactions between the human body and electromagnetic fields

Evidence for the use of ultrasound therapy for the management of mandibular osteoradionecrosis

Introduction: The treatment of mandibular osteoradionecrosis includes antibiotics and curettage, hyperbaric oxygen, surgery, and more recently, therapeutic ultrasound. The aim of this thesis was to establish the possible mechanisms of action of therapeutic ultrasound, that could explain its excellent clinical results. Material and Methods: Two ultrasound machines were evaluated, a 'traditional' (1 MHz and 3 MHz) and a 'long wave' machine (45 kHz). Ultrasound was applied to human mandibular osteoblasts, gingival fibroblasts, peripheral blood monocytes (PBMc) and mice calvaria. The following in vitro assays were performed: cell proliferation, collagen and non-collagenous protein (NCP) synthesis, bone resorption, cytokines and angiogenesis factors production using ELISA and RT-PCR techniques, and nitric oxide production. To evaluate the effects of ultrasound on angiogenesis in vivo, the chick chorioallanlbic membrane assay (CAM) was used. The use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the measurement of radiotherapy effects in the mandible (deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations) was also evaluated. Results: Ultrasound stimulated bone formation in the mice calvaria. Cell proliferation assays showed an increase of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts and osteoblasts, up to 52%. Collagen/NCR synthesis was also enhanced, in fibroblasts up to 48%, and in osteoblasts up to 112%. Bone resorption, part of the bone turnover process, was promoted, and there is suggestion that the cyclo-oxygenase pathway is involved. In relation to cytokine production, a slight stimulation of IL-1beta was noted in all cell types. There was no difference in IL-6 and TNFalpha levels. The angiogenesis factors, IL-8 and bFGF, were significantly stimulated in osteoblasts, and VEGF was significantly stimulated in fibroblasts, osteoblasts and PBMc. RT-PCR showed that ultrasound induces mRNA transcription for several cytokines and bone related proteins, with the most evident effect being the induction of VEGF transcription in osteoblasts. The CAM assay showed that direct ultrasound application and insonated medium from fibroblasts induced angiogenesis in vivo. The best overall stimulatory intensities were 15 and 30 mW/cm2(SA) with 45 kHz ultrasound, and 0.1 and 0.4 W/cm2(SAPA) with 1 MHz ultrasound. The NIRS evaluation showed that it is very sensitive to measure deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations, however these measurements are not reproducible. No age correlations could be performed, and the differences between normal and radiotherapy mandibles was not significant because of the great variability in the measurements. Conclusions: These results show that ultrasound can correct hypocellularity, hypoxia and hypovascularity observed in osteoradionecrosis. It stimulates cell proliferation, bone formation, healing, and angiogenesis. Further in vivo experiments are recommended as well as prospective clinical trials using therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment and prevention of osteoradionecrosis, but NIRS cannot be used to measure the outcome of treatment. Therapeutic ultrasound is a viable option for the management of mandibular osteoradionecrosis, since it is effective, inexpensive and readily available

NOTIFICATION !!!

All the content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition

NOTIFICATION!!!

The full content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition

NOTIFICATION !!!

All the content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition

NOTIFICATION !!!

All the content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition

NOTIFICATION !!!

All the content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition

NOTIFICATION !!!

All the content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition

NOTIFICATION !!!

All the content of this special edition is retrieved from the conference proceedings published by the European Scientific Institute, ESI. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/pages/view/books The European Scientific Journal, ESJ, after approval from the publisher re publishes the papers in a Special edition