8 research outputs found
Compact routing for the future internet
The Internet relies on its inter-domain routing system to allow data
transfer between any two endpoints regardless of where they are
located. This routing system currently uses a shortest path routing algorithm
(modified by local policy constraints) called the Border Gateway
Protocol. The massive growth of the Internet has led to large routing
tables that will continue to grow. This will present a serious
engineering challenge for router designers in the long-term,
rendering state (routing table) growth at this pace unsustainable.
There are various short-term engineering solutions that may slow the
growth of the inter-domain routing tables, at the expense of increasing
the complexity of the network. In addition, some of these require manual configuration, or
introduce additional points of failure within the network. These solutions may
give an incremental, constant factor, improvement. However,
we know from previous work that all shortest path routing algorithms
require forwarding state that grows linearly with the size of the
network in the worst case.
Rather than attempt to sustain inter-domain routing through a
shortest path routing algorithm, compact routing algorithms exist that
guarantee worst-case sub-linear state requirements at all nodes by
allowing an upper-bound on path length relative to the theoretical
shortest path, known as path stretch. Previous work has shown
the promise of these algorithms when applied to synthetic graphs
with similar properties to the known Internet
graph, but they haven't been studied in-depth on Internet topologies
derived from real data.
In this dissertation, I demonstrate the consistently strong
performance of these compact routing algorithms for inter-domain routing by performing
a longitudinal study of two compact routing algorithms on the Internet
Autonomous System (AS) graph over time.
I then show, using the k-cores graph decomposition algorithm, that
the structurally important nodes in the AS graph are highly stable
over time. This property makes these nodes suitable for use as the
"landmark" nodes used by the most stable of the compact routing
algorithms evaluated, and the use of these nodes shows similar strong
routing performance.
Finally, I present a decentralised compact routing algorithm for
dynamic graphs, and present state requirements and message overheads
on AS graphs using realistic simulation inputs.
To allow the continued long-term growth of Internet routing state, an
alternative routing architecture may be required. The use of the
compact routing algorithms presented in this dissertation offer
promise for a scalable future Internet routing system
Harnessing Internet Topological Stability in Thorup-Zwick Compact Routing
Thorup-Zwick (TZ) compact routing guarantees sublinear state growth with the size of the network by routing via landmarks and incurring some path stretch. It uses a pseudo-random landmark selection designed for static graphs, and unsuitable for Internet routing. We propose a landmark selection algorithm for the Internet AS graph that uses k-shells decomposition to choose landmarks. Using snapshots of the AS graph from 1997â2010, we demonstrate that the ASes in the kmax-shell are highly-stable over time, and form a sufficient landmark set for TZ routing in the overwhelming majority of cases (in the remainder, adding the next k-shell suffices). We evaluate path stretch and forwarding table sizes, and show that these landmark sets retain low average path stretch with tiny forwarding tables, but are better suited to the dynamic nature of the AS graph than the original TZ landmark selection algorithm
LIPIcs, Volume 274, ESA 2023, Complete Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 274, ESA 2023, Complete Volum
LIPIcs, Volume 261, ICALP 2023, Complete Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 261, ICALP 2023, Complete Volum
LIPIcs, Volume 244, ESA 2022, Complete Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 244, ESA 2022, Complete Volum
Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS'09)
The Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS) is held alternately in France and in Germany. The conference of February 26-28, 2009, held in Freiburg, is the 26th in this series. Previous meetings took place in Paris (1984), Saarbr¨ucken (1985), Orsay (1986), Passau (1987), Bordeaux (1988), Paderborn (1989), Rouen (1990), Hamburg (1991), Cachan (1992), W¨urzburg (1993), Caen (1994), M¨unchen (1995), Grenoble (1996), L¨ubeck (1997), Paris (1998), Trier (1999), Lille (2000), Dresden (2001), Antibes (2002), Berlin (2003), Montpellier (2004), Stuttgart (2005), Marseille (2006), Aachen (2007), and Bordeaux (2008). ..