15,135 research outputs found
European White Book on Real-Time Power Hardware in the Loop Testing : DERlab Report No. R- 005.0
The European White Book on Real-Time-Powerhardware-in-the-Loop testing is intended to serve as a reference document on the future of testing of electrical power equipment, with speciïŹ c focus on the emerging hardware-in-the-loop activities and application thereof within testing facilities and procedures. It will provide an outlook of how this powerful tool can be utilised to support the development, testing and validation of speciïŹ cally DER equipment. It aims to report on international experience gained thus far and provides case studies on developments and speciïŹ c technical issues, such as the hardware/software interface. This white book compliments the already existing series of DERlab European white books, covering topics such as grid-inverters and grid-connected storag
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of magnetorheological dampers for vehicle suspension systems
Magnetorheological (MR) fluids provide an elegant means to enhance vibration control in primary vehicle suspensions. Such fluids can rapidly modify their flow characteristics in response to a magnetic field, so they can be used to create semi-active dampers. However, the behaviour of MR dampers is inherently non-linear and as a consequence, the choice of an effective control strategy remains an unresolved problem. Previous research has developed a method to linearize the damper's force/velocity response, to allow implementation of classical control techniques. In the present study, this strategy is used to implement skyhook damping laws within primary automotive suspensions. To simulate the vehicle suspension, a two-degree-of-freedom quarter car model is used, which is excited by realistic road profiles. The controller performance is investigated experimentally using the hardware-in-the-loop-simulation (HILS) method. This experimental method is described in detail and its performance is validated against numerical simulations for a simplified problem. The present authors demonstrate that feedback linearization can provide significant performance enhancements in terms of passenger comfort, road holding, and suspension working space compared with other control strategies. Furthermore, feedback linearization is shown to desensitize the controller to uncertainties in the input excitation such as changes in severity of the road surface roughness
Multi-objective optimisation for battery electric vehicle powertrain topologies
Electric vehicles are becoming more popular in the market. To be competitive, manufacturers need to produce vehicles with a low energy consumption, a good range and an acceptable driving performance. These are dependent on the choice of components and the topology in which they are used. In a conventional gasoline vehicle, the powertrain topology is constrained to a few well-understood layouts; these typically consist of a single engine driving one axle or both axles through a multi-ratio gearbox. With electric vehicles, there is more flexibility, and the design space is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we evaluate several different topologies as follows: a traditional topology using a single electric motor driving a single axle with a fixed gear ratio; a topology using separate motors for the front axle and the rear axle, each with its own fixed gear ratio; a topology using in-wheel motors on a single axle; a four-wheel-drive topology using in-wheel motors on both axes. Multi-objective optimisation techniques are used to find the optimal component sizing for a given requirement set and to investigate the trade-offs between the energy consumption, the powertrain cost and the acceleration performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relative merits of the different topologies and their applicability to real-world passenger cars
Coupling of Real-Time and Co-Simulation for the Evaluation of the Large Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles into Intelligent Power Systems
This paper addresses the validation of electric vehicle supply equipment by
means of a real-time capable co-simulation approach. This setup implies both
pure software and real-time simulation tasks with different sampling rates
dependent on the type of the performed experiment. In contrast, controller and
power hardware-in-the-loop simulations are methodologies which ask for
real-time execution of simulation models with well-defined simulation sampling
rates. Software and real-time methods are connected one to each other using an
embedded software interface. It is able to process signals with different time
step sizes and is called "LabLink". Its design implies both common and specific
input and output layers (middle layer), as well as a data bus (core). The
LabLink enables the application of the co-simulation methodology on the
proposed experimental platform targeting the testing of electric vehicle supply
equipment. The test setup architecture and representative examples for the
implemented co-simulation are presented in this paper. As such, a validation of
the usability of this testing platform can be highlighted aiming to support a
higher penetration of electric vehicles.Comment: 2017 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC
GA-tuning of nonlinear observers for sensorless control of automotive power steering IPMSMs
The paper considers two observer-based rotor position estimation schemes for sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) for use in future automotive power steering systems. Specifically, emphasis is given to techniques based on feedback-linearisation followed by classical Luenberger observer design, and direct design of non-linear observers. Genetic algorithms (GAs), using the principles of evolution, natural selection and genetic mutation, are introduced to address difficulties in selecting correction gains for the observers, since no analytical tuning mechanisms yet exist. Experimental measurements from an automotive power steering test-facility are included, to demonstrate the enhanced performance attributes offered by tuning the proposed observer schemes, online, in this manner
Design of a Feedback-Controlled Wireless Converter for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Applications
Electric vehicles (EVs) have played an important role in the modern transporta-tion system in recent years. However, current generations of EVs face unsolved drawbacks such as short driving range, long charging time, and high cost due to expensive battery systems. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a promising technology that is able to mitigate the drawbacks EVs are facing. This paper focuses on investigating and building a complete high-efficiency WPT system that is capable of efficiently charging electric vehicles. The goal is to design and ap-ply two different configurations of compensation networks to the WPT system. In this paper, the two compensation network configurations studied are LLC and LCC. After comparing their operational characteristics and efficiencies, the most suitable configuration is proposed. Moreover, a phase-shifted controller is applied in order to regulate the power transferred through the WPT system
Testialustan suunnittelu hybridiajoneuvojen hardware-in-the-loop simulaatioihin
Recent changes to vehicle type-approval regulations have increased demand for testing methods, which better represent real-world driving conditions. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation is seen as an attractive alternative for pure simulations and real-world operation measurements.
The goal of this work was to provide a functional testbed for engine testing, as well as for HIL simulations of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). In addition, a state-of-the-art review of HIL was considered an important goal of the work.
The theory behind HIL, and real-time systems in general, is depicted using a wide variety of examples from automotive applications relating to hybrid power sources. The knowledge gained from the literature was used to design and build a testbed in a form of an engine dynamometer. The testbed can be used to emulate rotational forces, such as load torques on a driveshaft. The testbedâs fast hardware connections enable real-time testing. The scope of the design was in mechanical design and in specification of the hardware components.
Initial Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) steady-state and transient tests were done to partially validate the testbed. However, the performance was assessed to not be at an acceptable level. For example, only speed tracking passed the non-road transient cycle tracking assessment. Torque tracking and the derived power curves failed the assessment narrowly. However, the test results indicate that with proper tuning of the control software, the system performance should get better. The system response was slow at this point, but the transient behavior itself was fast. Also, in steady-state, torque and speed ripple were low.
Only the preparations for HIL simulation were carried out, since the testbed was not validated to be functional enough for the much more demanding HIL tests. The preparations involved building a simulation model of a series-parallel hybrid Refuse-Collecting Vehicle (RCV), which is to be used for the verification of the designed systemâs HIL capabilities. The model was independently verified to be suitable to be used for the physical tests.Viimeaikaiset muutokset ajoneuvojen tyyppihyvĂ€ksyntÀÀn ovat lisĂ€nneet tarvetta testausmetodeille, jotka paremmin vastaavat oikean elĂ€mĂ€n ajo-olosuhteita. HIL-simulaatio nĂ€hdÀÀn houkuttelevana vaihtoehtona pelkĂ€lle simulaatiolle sekĂ€ ajoneuvon ajonaikaisille mittauksille.
TÀmÀn työn tavoitteena on tarjota toimiva testilaite moottoridynamometritestaukseen sekÀ hybridiajoneuvojen HIL-simulaatioihin. LisÀksi, HIL:in nykytilanteen kuvausta pidettiin tÀrkeÀnÀ työn tavoitteena.
HIL:in, ja yleisemmin reaaliaikaisen testauksen, tausta ja teoria selvitettiin laaja alaisesti kÀyttÀen esimerkkejÀ hybridivoimanlÀhteisiin liittyvistÀ ajoneuvoalan kÀyttökohteista. Kirjallisuutta hyödyntÀen, testipenkki suunniteltiin ja rakennettiin. TestipenkkiÀ voidaan kÀyttÀÀ emuloimaan pyöriviÀ voimia, kuten vetoakseliin kohdistuvia vÀÀntöjÀ. Testipenkin nopeat yhteydet mahdollistavat reaaliaikaisen testauksen. Suunnittelu oli rajattu pÀÀasiassa mekaaniseen suunnitteluun ja komponenttien mÀÀrittelyyn. SÀhkö- ja ohjelmistosuunnittelu mÀÀriteltiin yleisellÀ tasolla.
Alustavat polttomoottorilla tehdyt vakaiden ajopisteiden ja transienttiajojen testit toteutettiin testipenkin osittaiseksi validoinniksi. Kuitenkin, laitteen suorituskyky ei yltÀnyt halutulle tasolle. Esimerkiksi, ainoastaan nopeusseuranta lÀpÀisi transienttiajo testin, mutta vÀÀntö- ja voimaseurannat epÀonnistuivat tÀpÀrÀsti. Tulokset kuitenkin osoittavat luottamusta siitÀ ettÀ testipenkki saadaan aikanaan halutulle tasolle ohjelmistopuolen kontrollereja sÀÀtÀmÀllÀ. TÀllÀ hetkellÀ systeemin vasteaika on liian pitkÀ, vaikka muuten dynamiikka on nopeaa. LisÀksi, vakaissa ajopisteissÀ vÀÀntö- ja nopeushuojunta ovat alhaisia.
Ainoastaan valmistelut HIL-simulaatiota varten saatiin toteutettua, sillÀ testipenkkiÀ ei saatu reaaliaikasta testausta vaativalle tasolle. Valmistelut sisÀlsivÀt hybridijÀteauton simulaatiomallin rakentamisen, jota tullaan aikanaan kÀyttÀmÀÀn testipenkin HIL toimivuuden validointiin. Simulaatiomalli varmistettiin itsenÀisenÀ toimivaksi, ja siten soveltuvaksi tuleviin fyysisiin testiajoihin
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