Security and Privacy for Green IoT-based Agriculture: Review, Blockchain solutions, and Challenges

open access articleThis paper presents research challenges on security and privacy issues in the field of green IoT-based agriculture. We start by describing a four-tier green IoT-based agriculture architecture and summarizing the existing surveys that deal with smart agriculture. Then, we provide a classification of threat models against green IoT-based agriculture into five categories, including, attacks against privacy, authentication, confidentiality, availability, and integrity properties. Moreover, we provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward secure and privacy-preserving technologies for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. In addition, we analyze the privacy-oriented blockchain-based solutions as well as consensus algorithms for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. Based on the current survey, we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions in the security and privacy of green IoT-based agriculture

Analysis of sensory data using graph signal processing

Air pollution monitoring is an important topic that has been researched in the past few years thanks to the massive deployment of IoT platforms, as it affects the lives of both children and adults, and it kills millions of people worldwide every year. A new framework of tools called Graph Signal Processing was presented recently and it allows, among other things, the ability to predict data on a node that belongs to a network of sensors using both the data itself and the topology of the graph, which is based on the Laplacian matrix. This thesis is a comparative study on different prediction techniques for pollutant signals, such as Linear Combination, Multiple Linear Regression and GSP and it presents the results of all three methods in different scenarios, using RMSE and R2 indicators, and focusing the efforts on the understanding of how different parameters (such as the distance between nodes) affect the performances of these new tools. The results of the study show that pollutants O3 and NO2 are lowpass signals, and as the number of edges between nodes increases, GSP obtains a close performances to MRL. For PM10, we conclude that is not a low-pass signal, and the performance of the indicators drop massively compared with the previous ones. Linear combination is the worst of all three and MLR has a stable performance during all the scenarios

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Green Internet of Things: Challenges and Future Opportunities - Part i

[No abstract available

Internet of Things based Messaging Protocols for Aquaculture Applications - A Bibliometric Analysis and Review

Internet of Things (IoT) which connects real-world physical objects with various identities involves different technologies and research areas. As it is an integration of different standards and technologies with numerous capabilities, the implementation phase needs to consider important parameters of communication. In IoT this is achieved through messaging protocols. Each object has its own limitations in terms of sensing capability, storage capacity, connectivity, power utilization, etc. And hence when such objects are deployed for different applications, they need to perform well in terms of their various capabilities. Messaging protocols at this stage need to consider these diverse elements. One of such IoT enabling technologies can be categorized as communication technology and networks, wherein data transmission protocols such as Hypertext Transmission Protocol (HTTP), Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queue Telemetry Protocol (MQTT), MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) are used for data transmission. Each protocol has its own messaging architecture and standard. Any IoT application intends to provide optimum utilization of limited processing power and energy. In such a scenario integration and translation between various popular messaging protocols is needed. In this article bibliometric study for application like Aquaculture has been undertaken. The analysis done through Scopus database provides information about prominent countries involved in research field, highest citation documents, co-authorship links, funding sponsors etc. The bibliometric study conducted helped in understanding scope of the research field

Harnessing Ambient Energy for IoT: Improvements in Path Tools for Drive Collecting Structures

Ability of energy harvesting systems that make use of Internet of Things (IoT) offer sustainable and independent power sources for diverse applications. In order to power IoT devices, these systems make it possible to capture ambient energy from the environment, such as solar, wind, vibrations, and thermal gradients, and transform it into usable electrical energy. We provide growths in circuit technology for IoT-based energy harvesting devices in this research.With a focus on MPPT algorithms that exploit energy extraction efficiency since various sources, advancements in power management circuits are investigated. Energy harvesting devices can now function well even in low-energy environments thanks to the development of ultra-low-power circuits, which is discussed.Super capacitors and rechargeable batteries, two types of energy storage, are assessed for their potential for energy buffering and dependable power delivery to Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Dynamic charging algorithms and capacity estimate methods are two examples of more sophisticated battery management approaches that are also looked at.Voltage regulation is a crucial component of energy harvesting systems that guarantees a steady and reliable power supply to Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Low-dropout regulators (LDOs) and energy-efficient voltage converters, among other recent advancements in voltage regulation circuits, are described. Additionally, the integration of energy harvesting systems with IoT devices is covered, highlighting the benefits and obstacles in creating IoT applications that are energyaware. To reduce power consumption in IoT networks, the significance of energy-efficient communication protocols and adaptive data processing algorithms is emphasised

Navigating the IoT landscape: Unraveling forensics, security issues, applications, research challenges, and future

Given the exponential expansion of the internet, the possibilities of security attacks and cybercrimes have increased accordingly. However, poorly implemented security mechanisms in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices make them susceptible to cyberattacks, which can directly affect users. IoT forensics is thus needed for investigating and mitigating such attacks. While many works have examined IoT applications and challenges, only a few have focused on both the forensic and security issues in IoT. Therefore, this paper reviews forensic and security issues associated with IoT in different fields. Future prospects and challenges in IoT research and development are also highlighted. As demonstrated in the literature, most IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks due to a lack of standardized security measures. Unauthorized users could get access, compromise data, and even benefit from control of critical infrastructure. To fulfil the security-conscious needs of consumers, IoT can be used to develop a smart home system by designing a FLIP-based system that is highly scalable and adaptable. Utilizing a blockchain-based authentication mechanism with a multi-chain structure can provide additional security protection between different trust domains. Deep learning can be utilized to develop a network forensics framework with a high-performing system for detecting and tracking cyberattack incidents. Moreover, researchers should consider limiting the amount of data created and delivered when using big data to develop IoT-based smart systems. The findings of this review will stimulate academics to seek potential solutions for the identified issues, thereby advancing the IoT field.Comment: 77 pages, 5 figures, 5 table

Self-Powered 6LoWPAN Sensor Node for Green IoT Edge Devices

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. In this paper, a simulation model and practical testbed for green Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices are proposed based on solar harvester with constant voltage-maximum power point tracking (CV-MPPT) technique. Billions of connected edge devices represent the essential part of the IoT through the IP-enabled sensor networks based on IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). In traditional IoT edge devices, the stored energy in the non-rechargeable battery determines the node lifetime while it is being depleted with time. Therefore, purchasing billions of such batteries is costly and must be disposed of efficiently. This paper is aimed at simulating and implementing a new class of green IoT edge devices that can report data wirelessly and powered perpetually using clean energy. The developed edge device utilizes solar energy harvesting mechanism through photovoltaic (PV) module, this approach will avoid periodical battery replacement and hence, the energy supplied to the sensor mode is not limited anymore. The implemented testbed is based on open-source hardware and software platforms while the simulation environment is based on MATLAB/SIMULINK 2019a. The effects of temperature and solar irradiance on the performance of the developed approach are examined in order to confirm the leverage of the proposed methodology scheme. The lifetime of the developed green IoT device is predicted based on the device's activities, current consumption, and energy storage capacity. The obtained results showed that the battery lifetime is extended by 38-49% when the edge device runs on an independent power source

A Centralized Cluster-Based Hierarchical Approach for Green Communication in a Smart Healthcare System

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized our digital and virtual worlds of connected devices. IoT is a key enabler for a wide range of applications in today's world. For example, in smart healthcare systems, the sensor-embedded devices monitor various vital signs of the patients. These devices operate on small batteries, and their energy need to be utilized efficiently. The need for green IoT to preserve the energy of these devices has never been more critical than today. The existing smart healthcare approaches adopt a heuristic approach for energy conservation by minimizing the duty-cycling of the underlying devices. However, they face numerous challenges in terms of excessive overhead, idle listening, overhearing, and collision. To circumvent these challenges, we have proposed a cluster-based hierarchical approach for monitoring the patients in an energy-efficient manner, i.e., green communication. The proposed approach organizes the monitoring devices into clusters of equal sizes. Within each cluster, a cluster head is designated to gather data from its member devices and broadcast to a centralized base station. Our proposed approach models the energy consumption of each device in various states, i.e., idle, sleep, awake, and active, and also performs the transitions between these states. We adopted an analytical approach for modeling the role of each device and its energy consumption in various states. Extensive simulations were conducted to validate our analytical approach by comparing it against the existing schemes. The experimental results of our approach enhance the network lifetime with a reduced energy consumption during various states. Moreover, it delivers a better quality of data for decision making on the patient's vital signs

Framework and Methodology for Establishing Port-City Policies Based on Real-Time Composite Indicators and IoT: A Practical Use-Case

[EN] During the past few decades, the combination of flourishing maritime commerce and urban population increases has made port-cities face several challenges. Smart Port-Cities of the future will take advantage of the newest IoT technologies to tackle those challenges in a joint fashion from both the city and port side. A specific matter of interest in this work is how to obtain reliable, measurable indicators to establish port-city policies for mutual benefit. This paper proposes an IoTbased software framework, accompanied with a methodology for defining, calculating, and predicting composite indicators that represent real-world phenomena in the context of a Smart PortCity. This paper envisions, develops, and deploys the framework on a real use-case as a practice experiment. The experiment consists of deploying a composite index for monitoring traffic congestion at the port-city interface in Thessaloniki (Greece). Results were aligned with the expectations, validated through nine scenarios, concluding with delivery of a useful tool for interested actors at Smart Port-Cities to work over and build policies upon.This research was funded, by the European Commission, via the agency INEA, under the H2020-project PIXEL, grant number 769355, and, when applicable, by the H2020-project DataPorts, grant number 871493, via the DG-CONNECT agency.Lacalle, I.; Belsa, A.; Vaño, R.; Palau Salvador, CE. (2020). Framework and Methodology for Establishing Port-City Policies Based on Real-Time Composite Indicators and IoT: A Practical Use-Case. Sensors. 20(15):1-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154131S1412015Urban Population Growthhttps://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/Smart Port Cityhttps://maritimestreet.fr/smart-port-city/The World’s 33 Megacitieshttps://www.msn.com/en-us/money/realestate/the-worlds-33-megacities/ar-BBUaR3vDocksTheFuture Project Maritime Traffic Analysis and Forecast Review-Key Resultshttps://www.docksthefuture.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Attachment_0-2019-09-09T135818.886-1.pdfHamburg Port Authority: SmartPORThttps://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/hpa-360/smartport/Guo, H., Wang, L., Chen, F., & Liang, D. (2014). Scientific big data and Digital Earth. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(35), 5066-5073. doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0645-3AIVP Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Port-Citieshttps://www.aivpagenda2030.com/Urban Transport Challengeshttps://transportgeography.org/?page_id=4621Passenger Cars in the EUhttps://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Passenger_cars_in_the_EUAverage CO2 Emissions from New Cars and Vans Registered in Europe Increased in 2018, Requiring Significant Emission Reductions to Meet the 2020 Targetshttps://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/average-co2-emissions-new-cars-and-vans-registered-europe-increased-2018-requiring-significant_en7 Smart City Solutions to Reduce Traffic Congestionhttps://www.geotab.com/blog/reduce-traffic-congestion/The Port and the City—Thoughts on the Relation between Cities and Portshttps://theportandthecity.wordpress.com/Yau, K.-L. A., Peng, S., Qadir, J., Low, Y.-C., & Ling, M. H. (2020). Towards Smart Port Infrastructures: Enhancing Port Activities Using Information and Communications Technology. IEEE Access, 8, 83387-83404. doi:10.1109/access.2020.2990961Two Projects Led by Valenciaport Win the IAPH World Port Sustainability Awards 2020—Valenciaporthttps://www.valenciaport.com/en/two-projects-led-by-valenciaport-win-the-iaph-world-port-sustainability-awards-2020/Ahlgren, B., Hidell, M., & Ngai, E. C.-H. (2016). Internet of Things for Smart Cities: Interoperability and Open Data. IEEE Internet Computing, 20(6), 52-56. doi:10.1109/mic.2016.124Inkinen, T., Helminen, R., & Saarikoski, J. (2019). Port Digitalization with Open Data: Challenges, Opportunities, and Integrations. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 5(2), 30. doi:10.3390/joitmc5020030Analytical Report 4: Open Datain Citieshttps://www.europeandataportal.eu/sites/default/files/edp_analytical_report_n4_-_open_data_in_cities_v1.0_final.pdfAnalytical Report 6: Open Datain Cities 2https://www.europeandataportal.eu/sites/default/files/edp_analytical_report_n6_-_open_data_in_cities_2_-_final-clean.pdfINTER-IoT Deliverableshttps://inter-iot.eu/deliverablesActivage Project D3.1 Report on IoT European Platformshttps://www.activageproject.eu/docs/downloads/activage_public_deliverables/ACTIVAGE_D3.1_M3_ReportonIoTEuropeanPlatforms_V1.0.pdfThe Open Source Platform for Our Smart Digital Future—FIWAREhttps://www.fiware.org/FIWARE Data Modelshttps://fiware-datamodels.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.htmlApache Kafkahttps://kafka.apache.org/FIWARE Orion Context Brokerhttps://fiware-orion.readthedocs.io/en/master/Saborido, R., & Alba, E. (2020). Software systems from smart city vendors. Cities, 101, 102690. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102690Santana, E. F. Z., Chaves, A. P., Gerosa, M. A., Kon, F., & Milojicic, D. S. (2018). Software Platforms for Smart Cities. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1-37. doi:10.1145/3124391Smart Citieshttps://www.fiware.org/community/smart-cities/Araujo, V., Mitra, K., Saguna, S., & Åhlund, C. (2019). Performance evaluation of FIWARE: A cloud-based IoT platform for smart cities. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 132, 250-261. doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2018.12.010Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Raman, K. R. (2019). Smart cities: Advances in research—An information systems perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 47, 88-100. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3-21. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092Alavi, A. H., Jiao, P., Buttlar, W. G., & Lajnef, N. (2018). Internet of Things-enabled smart cities: State-of-the-art and future trends. Measurement, 129, 589-606. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.07.067Samih, H. (2019). Smart cities and internet of things. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 21(1), 3-12. doi:10.1080/15228053.2019.1587572Lanza, J., Sánchez, L., Gutiérrez, V., Galache, J., Santana, J., Sotres, P., & Muñoz, L. (2016). Smart City Services over a Future Internet Platform Based on Internet of Things and Cloud: The Smart Parking Case. Energies, 9(9), 719. doi:10.3390/en9090719A Novel Architecture for Modelling, Virtualising and Managing the Energy Consumption of Household Appliances|AIM Project|FP7|CORDIS|European Commissionhttps://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/224621Intelligent Use of Buildings’ Energy Information|IntUBE Project|FP7|CORDIS|European Commissionhttps://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/224286Scuotto, V., Ferraris, A., & Bresciani, S. (2016). Internet of Things: applications and challenges in smart cities. A case study of IBM smart city projects. Business Process Management Journal, 22(2). doi:10.1108/bpmj-05-2015-0074Molavi, A., Lim, G. J., & Race, B. (2019). A framework for building a smart port and smart port index. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(9), 686-700. doi:10.1080/15568318.2019.1610919Moustaka, V., Vakali, A., & Anthopoulos, L. G. (2019). A Systematic Review for Smart City Data Analytics. ACM Computing Surveys, 51(5), 1-41. doi:10.1145/3239566Alam, M., Dupras, J., & Messier, C. (2016). A framework towards a composite indicator for urban ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators, 60, 38-44. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.035PIXEL Project D5.1 Environmental Factors and Mapping to Pilotshttps://pixel-ports.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D5.1-Environmental-aspects-and-mapping-to-pilots.pdfEconomic Sentiment Indicator—Eurostathttps://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/product?code=teibs010Human Development Index (HDI)|Human Development Reportshttp://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdiCOIN|Competence Centre on Composite Indicators and Scoreboardshttps://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/CITYkeys Projecthttp://www.citykeys-project.eu/citykeys/homeCITYkeys D1-4 Indicators for Smart City Projects and Smart Citieshttp://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/CITYkeysD14Indicatorsforsmartcityprojectsandsmartcities.pdfMake Healthy Choices Easier Options—Scientific Americanhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/make-healthy-choices-easier-options-12-09-20/FIWARE E Interoperabilidad Para Smart Citieshttps://www.apegr.org/images/descargas/J7OctESMARTCITY/2PresentacionFIWARE.pdfChen, G., Govindan, K., & Yang, Z. (2013). Managing truck arrivals with time windows to alleviate gate congestion at container terminals. International Journal of Production Economics, 141(1), 179-188. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.03.033Patel, N., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2015). Assessment of network traffic congestion through Traffic Congestability Value (TCV): a new index. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 30(30), 123-134. doi:10.1515/bog-2015-0039Aimsun Live: Model Every Movement at Every Momenthttps://www.aimsun.com/aimsun-live/PTV Vissim: Traffic Simulation Softwarehttps://www.ptvgroup.com/en/solutions/products/ptv-vissim/IBM Traffic Prediction Toolhttps://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group_subpage.php?id=1248Veins: The Open Source Vehicular Network Simulation Frameworkhttps://veins.car2x.org/Mena-Yedra, R., Gavaldà, R., & Casas, J. (2017). Adarules: Learning rules for real-time road-traffic prediction. Transportation Research Procedia, 27, 11-18. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.106PIXEL Projecthttps://pixel-ports.euReference Architectural Model Industrie 4.0 (rami 4.0)https://www.plattform-i40.de/PI40/Navigation/EN/Home/home.htmlSethi, P., & Sarangi, S. R. (2017). Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2017, 1-25. doi:10.1155/2017/9324035Containers & Containerization—The Pros and Conshttps://spin.atomicobject.com/2019/05/24/containerization-pros-cons/Pyngsi Frameworkhttps://github.com/pixel-ports/pyngsiPIXEL Project D6.2 PIXEL Information System Architecture and Design—Version 2https://pixel-ports.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D6.2-PIXEL-Information-System-architecture-and-design-v2.pdfApache Hivehttps://hive.apache.org/MySQLhttps://www.mysql.com/MariaDB Serverhttps://mariadb.org/Elasticsearchhttps://www.elastic.co/elasticsearch/MongoDBhttps://www.mongodb.com/Node-REDhttps://nodered.org/Swarm Mode Overview | Docker Documentationhttps://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/Kuberneteshttps://kubernetes.io/PIXEL Project D6.3 PIXEL Data Acquisition, Information Hub and Data Representation v1https://pixel-ports.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D6.3_PIXEL-data-acquisition-information-hub-and-data-representation-v1.pdfOverview of Docker Compose|Docker Documentationhttps://docs.docker.com/compose/Kibana: Explore, Visualize, Discover Datahttps://www.elastic.co/kibanaGrafana: The Open Observability Platformshttps://grafana.com/Vue.jshttps://vuejs.org/PIXEL Project D5.2 PEI Definition and Algorithms v1https://pixel-ports.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D5.2-PEI-Definition-and-Algorithms-v1.pdfKeyPerformanceIndicator—FIWARE Data Modelshttps://fiware-datamodels.readthedocs.io/en/latest/KeyPerformanceIndicator/doc/spec/index.htmlWhat Is a Container?|App Containerization|Dockerhttps://www.docker.com/resources/what-containerGarcia-Alonso, L., Moura, T. 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Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Using Deep Learning: A Systematic Literature Review

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has emerged to improve people’s lives by providing a wide range of smart and connected devices and applications in several domains, such as green IoT-based agriculture, smart farming, smart homes, smart transportation, smart health, smart grid, smart cities, and smart environment. However, IoT devices are at risk of cyber attacks. The use of deep learning techniques has been adequately adopted by researchers as a solution in securing the IoT environment. Deep learning has also successfully been implemented in various fields, proving its superiority in tackling intrusion detection attacks. Due to the limitation of signature-based detection for unknown attacks, the anomaly-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) gains advantages to detect zero-day attacks. In this paper, a systematic literature review (SLR) is presented to analyze the existing published literature regarding anomaly-based intrusion detection, using deep learning techniques in securing IoT environments. Data from the published studies were retrieved from five databases (IEEE Xplore, Scopus,Web of Science, Science Direct, and MDPI). Out of 2116 identified records, 26 relevant studies were selected to answer the research questions. This review has explored seven deep learning techniques practiced in IoT security, and the results showed their effectiveness in dealing with security challenges in the IoT ecosystem. It is also found that supervised deep learning techniques offer better performance, compared to unsupervised and semi-supervised learning. This analysis provides an insight into how the use of data types and learning methods will affect the performance of deep learning techniques for further contribution to enhancing a novel model for anomaly intrusion detection and prediction