Suulise tõlke areng Eesti riikluse kujunemisel

Väitekiri on esimene terviklik uurimus suulise tõlke arengu ajaloost Eestis, hõlmates kahte perioodi: iseseisvat Eesti Vabariiki (1918–1940), ja Nõukogude Eestit (1944–1991). Autori tõestab, et tõlkimist on kasutatud riigi toimimise esimestest päevadest alates, hoolimata murrangulistest poliitilistest, majanduslikest ja ühiskondlikest sündmustest. Väitekiri annab põhjaliku ülevaate suulise tõlke erisustest eri perioodidel, esitab varaseid fakte järel- ja sünkroontõlke ning varaseimate dateeritud tõlgi kasutamiste kohta Eesti Vabariigis. Suulise tõlke uurimist raskendab aga terminoloogiline segadus: sageli ei tehta vahet mõistetel tõlk ja tõlkija. Audiovisuaalsed ja dokumentaalsed allikad, mälestused, arhiividokumendid, ajalehed ja ülemnõukogu istungite stenogrammid võimaldasid koguda usaldusväärse andmestiku. Autor leidis tõlkimise kohta sõjaeelsest perioodist 364 ajaleheartiklit: 278 artiklis oli mainitud tõlkimist Eestis ja 86 artiklis välismaal. Aastate 1944–1991 kohta kogus autor 145 filmikroonikalõiku ja 524 fotot, mis tõendasid suulist tõlkimist nõukogude perioodil ning intervjueeris 69 tõlki ja tõlke värvanud ning tõlget kasutanud inimest. Juba riikluse kujunemise algul, Venemaaga peetud läbirääkimistel kasutati Eesti Vabariigi riigikeelt koos tõlkega vene keelde. Laiendades Pierre Bourdieu sümboolse kapitali mõistet üksikisikult riigile, näitab autor, et eesti keele kasutamine oli otseselt seotud riigi prestiižiga ning osutas riigi sümboolse kapitali kasvule. Diplomaatilist tõlget käsitletakse kui mõjufaktoreid riigi sümboolse kapitali akumuleerimisel. Peale teist maailmasõda muutus Eestis mitte ainult riigikord, vaid ka keelekeskkond. Muutused ühiskonnas avaldasid mõju ka suulisele tõlkele: suuline tõlge eesti keelest vene keelde võimaldas jätkata eesti keele kasutamist ka avalikel ametlikel üritustel, ajal, mil vene keelt suruti peale rahvastevahelise suhtluse keelena. Autor käsitleb suulist tõlget kui eesti keele kasutamist domineeriva võõrkeele keskkonnas.The present dissertation is the first to explore the evolution of interpreting in the Republic of Estonia over two different periods: the Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) and Soviet Estonia (1944–1991). The author provides factual evidence that interpreting has been used in Estonia, despite different political orders and throughout periods of profound political, economic and social transformation. The research provides a comprehensive overview on interpretation in Estonia, maps the factual evidence, identifies interpreters and finds the potentially earliest cases (since independence in 1918) of consecutive and simultaneous interpretation in the country. The authentic material gathered comprises archival, audiovisual and documentary sources, memoirs, 69 interviews, newspapers and verbatim reports. To cover the first period the author’s search yielded 364 newspaper articles: 278 referred to interpretation being used in Estonia and 86 informed readers about international events. For the second period, 145 film clips and 524 photos retrieved are informative. This dissertation is, to the author's knowledge, the first to associate interpreting in Estonia with the creation of symbolic capital for the state. Expanding upon Pierre Bourdieu’s approach to symbolic capital, the author applied it not just to individuals but to states. The use of the state language (and interpretation) was directly linked with the prestige of the state and enhanced the state’s symbolic capital. After World War II not only the political order but also the linguistic environment changed in Estonia, and with an influx of Russian-speaking population there was obviously the need to ensure communication between the two population groups. In post-war Estonia the use of interpreting became highly contextualized: the dominant Soviet ideology aimed at expanding the use of Russian, whereas interpreting into Russian allowed Estonian to be used in the conference room, as well

A study of language maintenance and shift in the Sylheti community in Leeds

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CURATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH LIBRARIES

Libraries, museums and archives hold valuable collections in a variety of media, presenting a vast body of knowledge rooted in the history of human civilisation. These form the repository of the wisdom of great works by thinkers of past and the present. The holdings of these institutions are priceless heritage of the mankind as they preserve documents, ideas, and the oral and written records. To value the cultural heritage and to care for it as a treasure bequeathed to us by our ancestors is the major responsibility of libraries. The past records constitute a natural resource and are indispensable to the present generation as well as to the generations to come. Libraries preserve the documentary heritage resources for which they are primarily responsible. Any loss of such materials is simply irreplaceable. Therefore, preserving this intellectual, cultural heritage becomes not only the academic commitment but also the moral responsibility of the librarians/information scientists, who are in charge of these repositories. The high quality of the papers and the discussion represent the thinking and experience of experts in their particular fields. The contributed papers also relate to the methodology used in libraries in Asia to provide access to manuscripts and cultural heritage. The volume discusses best practices in Knowledge preservation and how to collaborate and preserve the culture. The book also deals with manuscript and archives issues in the digital era. The approach of this book is concise, comprehensively, covering all major aspects of preservation and conservation through libraries. The readership of the book is not just limited to library and information science professionals, but also for those involved in conservation, preservation, restoration or other related disciplines. The book will be useful for librarians, archivists and conservators. We thank the Sunan Kalijaga University, Special Libraries Association- Asian Chapter for their trust and their constant support, all the contributors for their submissions, the members of the Local and International Committee for their reviewing effort for making this publication possible

The Music Sound

A guide for music: compositions, events, forms, genres, groups, history, industry, instruments, language, live music, musicians, songs, musicology, techniques, terminology , theory, music video. Music is a human activity which involves structured and audible sounds, which is used for artistic or aesthetic, entertainment, or ceremonial purposes. The traditional or classical European aspects of music often listed are those elements given primacy in European-influenced classical music: melody, harmony, rhythm, tone color/timbre, and form. A more comprehensive list is given by stating the aspects of sound: pitch, timbre, loudness, and duration. Common terms used to discuss particular pieces include melody, which is a succession of notes heard as some sort of unit; chord, which is a simultaneity of notes heard as some sort of unit; chord progression, which is a succession of chords (simultaneity succession); harmony, which is the relationship between two or more pitches; counterpoint, which is the simultaneity and organization of different melodies; and rhythm, which is the organization of the durational aspects of music