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Spectrome-AI: a Neural Network Framework for Inferring MEG Spectra
Computational modeling is a tool that allows for biological systems involving large networks to be studied, such as in studying the correlations between structural connectivity and functional connectivity in the human brain. Raj et al. proposed the spectral graph model in 2019 as a linear, low-dimensional alternative to conventional neural field and mass models that are more computationally expensive, especially when optimizing parameters, which is necessary in order to obtain quantitative and qualitative information about functional neural activity. The initial method used for inferring the spectral graph model parameters was Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, which provided a robust way to estimate what the target parameter distributions were most likely to be. However, MCMC methods are still slow and computationally expensive. In this study, we trained a fully connected neural network on MCMC-simulated magnetoencephalography (MEG) data to perform parameter estimation for the spectral graph model in an accelerated manner. We found that the neural network was able to predict most parameters of interest without much loss in precision while generating the parameters in less than a second. This approach puts us closer to obtaining real time neurophysiological information from functional neuroimaging data for applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and characterization of various neurological diseases
Causal connectivity of evolved neural networks during behavior
To show how causal interactions in neural dynamics are modulated by behavior, it is valuable to analyze these interactions without perturbing or lesioning the neural mechanism. This paper proposes a method, based on a graph-theoretic extension of vector autoregressive modeling and 'Granger causality,' for characterizing causal interactions generated within intact neural mechanisms. This method, called 'causal connectivity analysis' is illustrated via model neural networks optimized for controlling target fixation in a simulated head-eye system, in which the structure of the environment can be experimentally varied. Causal connectivity analysis of this model yields novel insights into neural mechanisms underlying sensorimotor coordination. In contrast to networks supporting comparatively simple behavior, networks supporting rich adaptive behavior show a higher density of causal interactions, as well as a stronger causal flow from sensory inputs to motor outputs. They also show different arrangements of 'causal sources' and 'causal sinks': nodes that differentially affect, or are affected by, the remainder of the network. Finally, analysis of causal connectivity can predict the functional consequences of network lesions. These results suggest that causal connectivity analysis may have useful applications in the analysis of neural dynamics
Applications of Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network Models for Brain Connectivity Analysis
Comprehending the interplay between spatial and temporal characteristics of neural dynamics can improve our understanding of information processing in the human brain. Graph neural networks provide a novel possibility to interpret graph-structured signals as typically observed in complex brain networks. This thesis presents an application of spatio-temporal graph neural networks to model functional dynamics observed in magnetic resoance imaging data. It is shown that graph neural network models are able to scale to large brain networks, and can help us to derive directed functional dependecies based on the structural brain network
Forecasting Brain Activity Based on Models of Spatio-Temporal Brain Dynamics: A Comparison of Graph Neural Network Architectures
Comprehending the interplay between spatial and temporal characteristics of
neural dynamics can contribute to our understanding of information processing
in the human brain. Graph neural networks (GNNs) provide a new possibility to
interpret graph structured signals like those observed in complex brain
networks. In our study we compare different spatio-temporal GNN architectures
and study their ability to model neural activity distributions obtained in
functional MRI (fMRI) studies. We evaluate the performance of the GNN models on
a variety of scenarios in MRI studies and also compare it to a VAR model, which
is currently often used for directed functional connectivity analysis. We show
that by learning localized functional interactions on the anatomical substrate,
GNN based approaches are able to robustly scale to large network studies, even
when available data are scarce. By including anatomical connectivity as the
physical substrate for information propagation, such GNNs also provide a
multi-modal perspective on directed connectivity analysis, offering a novel
possibility to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics in brain networks
JGAT: a joint spatio-temporal graph attention model for brain decoding
The decoding of brain neural networks has been an intriguing topic in
neuroscience for a well-rounded understanding of different types of brain
disorders and cognitive stimuli. Integrating different types of connectivity,
e.g., Functional Connectivity (FC) and Structural Connectivity (SC), from
multi-modal imaging techniques can take their complementary information into
account and therefore have the potential to get better decoding capability.
However, traditional approaches for integrating FC and SC overlook the
dynamical variations, which stand a great chance to over-generalize the brain
neural network. In this paper, we propose a Joint kernel Graph Attention
Network (JGAT), which is a new multi-modal temporal graph attention network
framework. It integrates the data from functional Magnetic Resonance Images
(fMRI) and Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) while preserving the dynamic
information at the same time. We conduct brain-decoding tasks with our JGAT on
four independent datasets: three of 7T fMRI datasets from the Human Connectome
Project (HCP) and one from animal neural recordings. Furthermore, with
Attention Scores (AS) and Frame Scores (FS) computed and learned from the
model, we can locate several informative temporal segments and build meaningful
dynamical pathways along the temporal domain for the HCP datasets. The URL to
the code of JGAT model: https://github.com/BRAINML-GT/JGAT
Navigation of brain networks
Understanding the mechanisms of neural communication in large-scale brain
networks remains a major goal in neuroscience. We investigated whether
navigation is a parsimonious routing model for connectomics. Navigating a
network involves progressing to the next node that is closest in distance to a
desired destination. We developed a measure to quantify navigation efficiency
and found that connectomes in a range of mammalian species (human, mouse and
macaque) can be successfully navigated with near-optimal efficiency (>80% of
optimal efficiency for typical connection densities). Rewiring network topology
or repositioning network nodes resulted in 45%-60% reductions in navigation
performance. Specifically, we found that brain networks cannot be progressively
rewired (randomized or clusterized) to result in topologies with significantly
improved navigation performance. Navigation was also found to: i) promote a
resource-efficient distribution of the information traffic load, potentially
relieving communication bottlenecks; and, ii) explain significant variation in
functional connectivity. Unlike prevalently studied communication strategies in
connectomics, navigation does not mandate biologically unrealistic assumptions
about global knowledge of network topology. We conclude that the wiring and
spatial embedding of brain networks is conducive to effective decentralized
communication. Graph-theoretic studies of the connectome should consider
measures of network efficiency and centrality that are consistent with
decentralized models of neural communication
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