38,080 research outputs found
Irradiation study of a fully monolithic HV-CMOS pixel sensor design in AMS 180 nm
High-Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS) based on the 180 nm
HV-CMOS process have been proposed to realize thin, fast and highly integrated
pixel sensors. The MuPix7 prototype, fabricated in the commercial AMS H18
process, features a fully integrated on-chip readout, i.e. hit-digitization,
zero suppression and data serialization. It is the first fully monolithic
HV-CMOS pixel sensor that has been tested for the use in high irradiation
environments like HL-LHC. We present results from laboratory and test beam
measurements of MuPix7 prototypes irradiated with neutrons (up to
) and protons (up to ) and compare the performance with non-irradiated
sensors. Efficiencies well above 90 % at noise rates below 200 Hz per pixel are
measured. A time resolution better than 22 ns is measured for all tested
settings and sensors, even at the highest irradiation fluences. The data
transmission at 1.25 Gbit/s and the on-chip PLL remain fully functional
Production and Characterisation of SLID Interconnected n-in-p Pixel Modules with 75 Micrometer Thin Silicon Sensors
The performance of pixel modules built from 75 micrometer thin silicon
sensors and ATLAS read-out chips employing the Solid Liquid InterDiffusion
(SLID) interconnection technology is presented. This technology, developed by
the Fraunhofer EMFT, is a possible alternative to the standard bump-bonding. It
allows for stacking of different interconnected chip and sensor layers without
destroying the already formed bonds. In combination with Inter-Chip-Vias (ICVs)
this paves the way for vertical integration. Both technologies are combined in
a pixel module concept which is the basis for the modules discussed in this
paper.
Mechanical and electrical parameters of pixel modules employing both SLID
interconnections and sensors of 75 micrometer thickness are covered. The
mechanical features discussed include the interconnection efficiency, alignment
precision and mechanical strength. The electrical properties comprise the
leakage currents, tuning characteristics, charge collection, cluster sizes and
hit efficiencies. Targeting at a usage at the high luminosity upgrade of the
LHC accelerator called HL-LHC, the results were obtained before and after
irradiation up to fluences of
(1 MeV neutrons).Comment: 16 pages, 22 figure
A review of advances in pixel detectors for experiments with high rate and radiation
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments ATLAS and CMS have established
hybrid pixel detectors as the instrument of choice for particle tracking and
vertexing in high rate and radiation environments, as they operate close to the
LHC interaction points. With the High Luminosity-LHC upgrade now in sight, for
which the tracking detectors will be completely replaced, new generations of
pixel detectors are being devised. They have to address enormous challenges in
terms of data throughput and radiation levels, ionizing and non-ionizing, that
harm the sensing and readout parts of pixel detectors alike. Advances in
microelectronics and microprocessing technologies now enable large scale
detector designs with unprecedented performance in measurement precision (space
and time), radiation hard sensors and readout chips, hybridization techniques,
lightweight supports, and fully monolithic approaches to meet these challenges.
This paper reviews the world-wide effort on these developments.Comment: 84 pages with 46 figures. Review article.For submission to Rep. Prog.
Phy
3D sensors for the HL-LHC
In order to increase its discovery potential, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
accelerator will be upgraded in the next decade. The high luminosity LHC
(HL-LHC) period demands new sensor technologies to cope with increasing
radiation fluences and particle rates. The ATLAS experiment will replace the
entire inner tracking detector with a completely new silicon-only system. 3D
pixel sensors are promising candidates for the innermost layers of the Pixel
detector due to their excellent radiation hardness at low operation voltages
and low power dissipation at moderate temperatures. Recent developments of 3D
sensors for the HL-LHC are presented.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, International Workshops on Radiation Imaging
Detectors 201
Prototype ATLAS IBL Modules using the FE-I4A Front-End Readout Chip
The ATLAS Collaboration will upgrade its semiconductor pixel tracking
detector with a new Insertable B-layer (IBL) between the existing pixel
detector and the vacuum pipe of the Large Hadron Collider. The extreme
operating conditions at this location have necessitated the development of new
radiation hard pixel sensor technologies and a new front-end readout chip,
called the FE-I4. Planar pixel sensors and 3D pixel sensors have been
investigated to equip this new pixel layer, and prototype modules using the
FE-I4A have been fabricated and characterized using 120 GeV pions at the CERN
SPS and 4 GeV positrons at DESY, before and after module irradiation. Beam test
results are presented, including charge collection efficiency, tracking
efficiency and charge sharing.Comment: 45 pages, 30 figures, submitted to JINS
Prototyping of petalets for the Phase-II Upgrade of the silicon strip tracking detector of the ATLAS Experiment
In the high luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider, the HL-LHC, the
instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting
in about 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. To cope
with the resultant increase in occupancy, bandwidth and radiation damage, the
ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner
Tracker (ITk). The ITk consists of a silicon pixel and a strip detector and
exploits the concept of modularity. Prototyping and testing of various strip
detector components has been carried out. This paper presents the developments
and results obtained with reduced-size structures equivalent to those foreseen
to be used in the forward region of the silicon strip detector. Referred to as
petalets, these structures are built around a composite sandwich with embedded
cooling pipes and electrical tapes for routing the signals and power. Detector
modules built using electronic flex boards and silicon strip sensors are glued
on both the front and back side surfaces of the carbon structure. Details are
given on the assembly, testing and evaluation of several petalets. Measurement
results of both mechanical and electrical quantities are shown. Moreover, an
outlook is given for improved prototyping plans for large structures.Comment: 22 pages for submission for Journal of Instrumentatio
Tactile sensing chips with POSFET array and integrated interface electronics
This work presents the advanced version of novel POSFET (Piezoelectric Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) devices based tactile sensing chip. The new version of the tactile sensing chip presented here comprises of a 4 x 4 array of POSFET touch sensing devices and integrated interface electronics (i.e. multiplexers, high compliance current sinks and voltage output buffers). The chip also includes four temperature diodes for the measurement of contact temperature. Various components on the chip have been characterized systematically and the overall operation of the tactile sensing system has been evaluated. With new design the POSFET devices have improved performance (i.e. linear response in the dynamic contact forces range of 0.01–3N and sensitivity (without amplification) of 102.4 mV/N), which is more than twice the performance of their previous implementations. The integrated interface electronics result in reduced interconnections which otherwise would be needed to connect the POSFET array with off-chip interface electronic circuitry. This research paves the way for CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) implementation of full on-chip tactile sensing systems based on POSFETs
Module production of the one-arm AFP 3D pixel tracker
The ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) detector is designed to identify events in
which one or two protons emerge intact from the LHC collisions. AFP will
consist of a tracking detector, to measure the momentum of the protons, and a
time of flight system to reduce the background from multiple proton-proton
interactions. Following an extensive qualification period, 3D silicon pixel
sensors were selected for the AFP tracker. The sensors were produced at CNM
(Barcelona) during 2014. The tracker module assembly and quality control was
performed at IFAE during 2015. The assembly of the first AFP arm and the
following installation in the LHC tunnel took place in February 2016. This
paper reviews the fabrication process of the AFP tracker focusing on the pixel
modules.Comment: PIXEL 2016 proceedings; Submitted to JINS
Active Pixel Sensors in ams H18/H35 HV-CMOS Technology for the ATLAS HL-LHC Upgrade
Deep sub micron HV-CMOS processes offer the opportunity for sensors built by
industry standard techniques while being HV tolerant, making them good
candidates for drift-based, fast collecting, thus radiation-hard pixel
detectors. For the upgrade of the ATLAS Pixel Detector towards the HL-LHC
requirements, active pixel sensors in HV-CMOS technology were investigated.
These implement amplifier and discriminator stages directly in insulating deep
n-wells, which also act as collecting electrodes. The deep n-wells allow for
bias voltages up to 150V leading to a depletion depth of several 10um.
Prototype sensors in the ams H18 180nm and H35 350nm HV-CMOS processes have
been manufactured, acting as a potential drop-in replacement for the current
ATLAS Pixel sensors, thus leaving higher level processing such as trigger
handling to dedicated read-out chips.
Sensors were thoroughly tested in lab measurements as well as in testbeam
experiments. Irradiation with X-rays and protons revealed a tolerance to
ionizing doses of 1Grad. An enlarged depletion zone of up to 100um thickness
after irradiation due to the acceptor removal effect was deduced from Edge-TCT
studies. The sensors showed high detection efficiencies after neutron
irradiation to 1e15 n_eq cm-2 in testbeam experiments.
A full reticle size demonstrator chip, implemented in the H35 process is
being submitted to prove the large scale feasibility of the HV-CMOS concept.Comment: 6 pages, 12 figures, proceeding contribution to the 10th
International Hiroshima Symposium 2016, submitted to NIM
Testbeam and Laboratory Characterization of CMS 3D Pixel Sensors
The pixel detector is the innermost tracking device in CMS, reconstructing
interaction vertices and charged particle trajectories. The sensors located in
the innermost layers of the pixel detector must be upgraded for the ten-fold
increase in luminosity expected with the High- Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) phase.
As a possible replacement for planar sensors, 3D silicon technology is under
consideration due to its good performance after high radiation fluence. In this
paper, we report on pre- and post- irradiation measurements for CMS 3D pixel
sensors with different electrode configurations. The effects of irradiation on
electrical properties, charge collection efficiency, and position resolution of
3D sensors are discussed. Measurements of various test structures for
monitoring the fabrication process and studying the bulk and surface
properties, such as MOS capacitors, planar and gate-controlled diodes are also
presented.Comment: 14 page
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