6 research outputs found

    AI Thinking for Cloud Education Platform with Personalized Learning

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    Artificial Intelligence (AI) thinking is a framework beyond procedural thinking and based on cognitive and adaptation to automatically learn deep and wide rules and semantics from experiments. This paper presents Cloud-eLab, an open and interactive cloud-based learning platform for AI Thinking, aiming to inspire i) Deep and Wide learning, ii) Cognitive and Adaptation learning concepts for education. It has been successfully used in various machine learning courses in practice, and has the expandability to support more AI modules. In this paper, we describe the block diagram of the proposed AI Thinking education platform, and provide two education application scenarios for unfolding Deep and Wide learning as well as Cognitive and Adaptation learning concepts. Cloud-eLab education platform will deliver personalized content for each student with flexibility to repeat the experiments at their own pace which allow the learner to be in control of the whole learning process

    Solving Mathematical Puzzles: a Deep Reasoning Challenge Position Paper

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    Abstract. This is the era of big-data: high-volume, high-velocity and high-variety information assets are being collected, demanding cost-effective information processing. Analytic techniques primarily based on statistical methods are showing astonishing results, but exhibit also limited reasoning capabilities. On the other end of the spectrum the era of bigreasoning is emerging with next-generation cognitive and autonomous end-to-end solvers. A problem description in terms of text and diagrams is given: problem solvers should automatically understand the problem, identify its components, devise a model, identify a solving technique and find a solution with no human intervention. We propose a challenge: to design and implement an end-to-end solver for mathematical puzzles able to compete with primary school students. Mathematical puzzles require mathematics to solve them, but also logic, intuition and imagination are essential ingredients, thus calling for an unprecedented integration of many different AI techniques

    Epistemological activators and students' epistemologies in learning modern STEM topics

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    This dissertation is a collection of studies developed during my Ph.D. program within the Physics Education Research group of the University of Bologna. The entire work is driven by the role of epistemology in science as a means to orient learning and identity construction. Specifically, the study aims (i) to characterize epistemologically the design of teaching modules for High School on two main modern STEM topics: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Physics (QP), and (ii) to investigate the so-called โ€˜studentsโ€™ epistemologiesโ€™ in the context of learning QP. In the first part, the use that I do of epistemology involves the individuation of transversal themes, activities, and ideas โ€“ that I define โ€˜epistemological activatorsโ€™ - that can structure studentsโ€™ knowledge on a meta-level and foster them to reflect on the nature of disciplines and knowledge in general; this results in the proposal of teaching paths and insights for High School both in the contexts of QP and AI. In the second part, I conduct a qualitative study on studentsโ€™ epistemologies in learning QP. Previous analysis showed evidence of three specific requirements that students show in learning QP, which I referred to as epistemic needs: the needs of visualization, comparability and โ€˜reificationโ€™. Along with these results, I decided to conduct a study on the nature of the factors that trigger studentsโ€™ stances towards and acceptance of QP, building on the research literature on personal epistemologies. To this extent, I collected extensive written and recorded data of High School students participating in an introductory course on QP. The analysis mainly highlighted (i) evidence of expectations about the role of โ€˜visual modelingโ€™ and โ€˜mathโ€™ as two personally reliable means to bridge classical and quantum domains., and (ii) evidence of entanglement between specific studentsโ€™ epistemologies and their meta-affective stances towards challenges in learning QP

    Artificial Superintelligence: Coordination & Strategy

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    Attention in the AI safety community has increasingly started to include strategic considerations of coordination between relevant actors in the field of AI and AI safety, in addition to the steadily growing work on the technical considerations of building safe AI systems. This shift has several reasons: Multiplier effects, pragmatism, and urgency. Given the benefits of coordination between those working towards safe superintelligence, this book surveys promising research in this emerging field regarding AI safety. On a meta-level, the hope is that this book can serve as a map to inform those working in the field of AI coordination about other promising efforts. While this book focuses on AI safety coordination, coordination is important to most other known existential risks (e.g., biotechnology risks), and future, human-made existential risks. Thus, while most coordination strategies in this book are specific to superintelligence, we hope that some insights yield โ€œcollateral benefitsโ€ for the reduction of other existential risks, by creating an overall civilizational framework that increases robustness, resiliency, and antifragility

    The Development of a Blended Learning Model for AI Literacy Education in Elementary School

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œก๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ž„์ฒ ์ผ.With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in recent years, the importance of AI education has been emphasized, and many countries prepare for future society by integrating AI into their curriculum. The purpose of AI education is to enhance student abilities in areas such as AI literacy. AI literacy refers to the ability to understand, use, communicate, and think critically of artificial intelligence technology, and can be said to be a basic and essential competency that is used for adapting to social change. Currently, various studies are being conducted on artificial intelligence education for elementary education. However, as most research focuses on the development of AI education content and programs, there is a lack of research regarding methods to increase the educational effect and the provision of prescriptive guidelines for AI education. On one hand, as online distance education has spread not only to university education but also to elementary and secondary education due to COVID-19, the potential of distance education has been discovered. However, distance education still has its limitations, and the educational effect can be increased when a blended learning model that combines the advantages of both online and offline classes is used. As the blended learning method has several educational effects, it is necessary to utilize it in AI education. In this study, a blended learning model and instructional strategies for AI education at the elementary school level have been developed. The research questions for this study are as follows. First, what do the blended learning model and instructional strategies for elementary school AI education look like? Second, are the blended learning model and instructional strategies for elementary school AI education valid? In order to develop a model and instructional strategies, this study conducted research based on the design and development research methodology. First, an instructional model and strategies were derived through a literature review. Afterward, through an experiential search process, the opinions of field teachers were implemented and the applicability was increased. Afterward, two rounds of internal validation were conducted with subject experts. The subject experts majored in education, educational technology, and computer science, and six people participated in the validation process. External validation of applying the derived instructional model and strategies into the educational field was then carried out. In the external validation process, two 6th grade elementary schools classes (consisting of 52 students) participated, and the classes took place over a total of 6 sessions. An AI literacy test and satisfaction survey were conducted on learners, and in-depth interviews were conducted with both learners and instructors. By comprehensively analyzing the resulting data, the strengths, weaknesses, and areas of improvement for the instructional model and instructional strategies were identified. The final model and instructional strategies were derived through correcting and supplementing the identified weaknesses and the areas of improvement. The type of blended learning is explicitly revealed through the model that has been developed through this research. The types of blended learning are divided into synchronous online/offline classes that correspond to โ€˜inside the classroomโ€™ and asynchronous online classes that correspond to โ€˜outside the classroomโ€™. The procedure was largely divided into before class, during class, and after class, and a total of eight steps were linearly configured. The name of the steps are '1) Checking the blended learning environment and learner level', '2) Motivating and explaining AI concepts', '3) Supporting the AI technology experience', '4) Guiding topic selection and data collection', '5) Supporting data collection and organization', '6) Guiding AI model training and modification ', '7) Guiding for programming', and '8) Supporting sharing and learning continuation'. The instructional strategies are composed of a total of 15 strategies and are classified according to the detailed steps of the model. The significance of this study is that the developed instructional model and strategies are explicit and clear, thus being easy to use in actual classes. In addition, it is composed of a blended learning method to increase the educational effect. The effects of this instructional model and strategies are as follows. First, it reduces the learning burden on students and enables instructors to provide feedback effectively. Second, it is possible to obtain learning time through blended learning. Third, it helps to promote the interaction of learners. Fourth, it has a positive effect on the students' affective domains. Fifth, it has a significant effect on improving students' AI literacy. However, there are several limitations in this study, and follow-up studies are needed to supplement them. Model development research that comprehensively considers the types of blended learning, research on model use, and research on developing AI literacy test tools should be conducted. Particularly, as AI educational tools are gradually improving, research on how to effectively use them in educational aspects should be continued.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์†Œํ†ต, ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ-19(COVID)๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œก๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ดˆโ‹…์ค‘๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก ์ „๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—…๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Blended Learning) ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„โ‹…๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ต์œกํ•™, ๊ต์œก๊ณตํ•™, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์ด 6์ธ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์„ ๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 6ํ•™๋…„ 2ํ•™๊ธ‰(ํ•™์ƒ 52๋ช…)์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด 6์ฐจ์‹œ(๊ต์‹ค ์•ˆ 4์ฐจ์‹œ, ๊ต์‹ค ๋ฐ– 2์ฐจ์‹œ)์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฐ•์ , ์•ฝ์ , ๊ฐœ์„ ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์•ฝ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ โ€˜๊ต์‹ค ์•ˆโ€™์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จโ‹…์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—…๊ณผ โ€˜๊ต์‹ค ๋ฐ–โ€™์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „, ์ˆ˜์—… ์ค‘, ์ˆ˜์—… ํ›„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์€ โ€˜1) ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ™•์ธโ€™, โ€˜2) ๋™๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ๋… ์•ˆ๋‚ดโ€™, โ€˜3) ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ฒดํ—˜ ์ง€์›โ€™, โ€˜4) ์ฃผ์ œ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์•ˆ๋‚ดโ€™, โ€˜5) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ ์ง€์›โ€™, โ€˜6) ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ • ์•ˆ๋‚ดโ€™, โ€˜7) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋‚ดโ€™, โ€˜8) ๊ณต์œ  ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต์ง€์† ์ง€์›โ€™์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์€ ์ด 15๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์ด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ฆ์ง„์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ชจํ˜•์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๊ฐœ์„ ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ต์œก์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 6 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 7 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ 7 ๋‚˜. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ 8 ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ 8 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก 9 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜• 9 ๋‚˜. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ 12 ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 15 2. ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ 22 ๊ฐ€. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ 22 ๋‚˜. ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ 26 3. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜• 28 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹) ๊ต์œก ๋ชจํ˜• 28 ๋‚˜. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 30 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 36 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ 37 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 37 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 41 3. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ • 43 ๊ฐ€. ์„ ํ–‰ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  43 ๋‚˜. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํƒ์ƒ‰ 44 4. ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 44 5. ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 45 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 1. ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต 46 2. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต 50 ๊ฐ€. ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต ๋„์ถœ 50 ๋‚˜. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํƒ์ƒ‰ 57 ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 58 3. ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 64 ๊ฐ€. 1์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 64 ๋‚˜. 2์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 69 4. ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 78 ๊ฐ€. ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ 78 ๋‚˜. ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ 89 ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ 93 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  99 1. ๋…ผ์˜ 99 ๊ฐ€. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ „๋žต 99 ๋‚˜. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ 100 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 103 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  103 ๋‚˜. ์ œ์–ธ 104 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 106 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 115 Abstract 166์„
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