Developing resilient cyber-physical systems: A review of state-of-the-art malware detection approaches, gaps, and future directions

Cyber-physical systems (CPSes) are rapidly evolving in critical infrastructure (CI) domains such as smart grid, healthcare, the military, and telecommunication. These systems are continually threatened by malicious software (malware) attacks by adversaries due to their improvised tactics and attack methods. A minor configuration change in a CPS through malware has devastating effects, which the world has seen in Stuxnet, BlackEnergy, Industroyer, and Triton. This paper is a comprehensive review of malware analysis practices currently being used and their limitations and efficacy in securing CPSes. Using well-known real-world incidents, we have covered the significant impacts when a CPS is compromised. In particular, we have prepared exhaustive hypothetical scenarios to discuss the implications of false positives on CPSes. To improve the security of critical systems, we believe that nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms can effectively counter the overwhelming malware threats geared toward CPSes. However, our detailed review shows that these algorithms have not been adapted to their full potential to counter malicious software. Finally, the gaps identified through this research have led us to propose future research directions using nature-inspired algorithms that would help in bringing optimization by reducing false positives, thereby increasing the security of such systems

Efficiency and Sustainability of the Distributed Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts-Volume II

The climate changes that are becoming visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems, and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this reprint presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications, such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain technology, and smart contracts, we hope that they will be of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above

An Embryonics Inspired Architecture for Resilient Decentralised Cloud Service Delivery

Data-driven artificial intelligence applications arising from Internet of Things technologies can have profound wide-reaching societal benefits at the cross-section of the cyber and physical domains. Usecases are expanding rapidly. For example, smart-homes and smart-buildings provide intelligent monitoring, resource optimisation, safety, and security for their inhabitants. Smart cities can manage transport, waste, energy, and crime on large scales. Whilst smart-manufacturing can autonomously produce goods through the self-management of factories and logistics. As these use-cases expand further, the requirement to ensure data is processed accurately and timely is ever crucial, as many of these applications are safety critical. Where loss off life and economic damage is a likely possibility in the event of system failure. While the typical service delivery paradigm, cloud computing, is strong due to operating upon economies of scale, their physical proximity to these applications creates network latency which is incompatible with these safety critical applications. To complicate matters further, the environments they operate in are becoming increasingly hostile. With resource-constrained and mobile wireless networking, commonplace. These issues drive the need for new service delivery architectures which operate closer to, or even upon, the network devices, sensors and actuators which compose these IoT applications at the network edge. These hostile and resource constrained environments require adaptation of traditional cloud service delivery models to these decentralised mobile and wireless environments. Such architectures need to provide persistent service delivery within the face of a variety of internal and external changes or: resilient decentralised cloud service delivery. While the current state of the art proposes numerous techniques to enhance the resilience of services in this manner, none provide an architecture which is capable of providing data processing services in a cloud manner which is inherently resilient. Adopting techniques from autonomic computing, whose characteristics are resilient by nature, this thesis presents a biologically-inspired platform modelled on embryonics. Embryonic systems have an ability to self-heal and self-organise whilst showing capacity to support decentralised data processing. An initial model for embryonics-inspired resilient decentralised cloud service delivery is derived according to both the decentralised cloud, and resilience requirements given for this work. Next, this model is simulated using cellular automata, which illustrate the embryonic concept’s ability to provide self-healing service delivery under varying system component loss. This highlights optimisation techniques, including: application complexity bounds, differentiation optimisation, self-healing aggression, and varying system starting conditions. All attributes of which can be adjusted to vary the resilience performance of the system depending upon different resource capabilities and environmental hostilities. Next, a proof-of-concept implementation is developed and validated which illustrates the efficacy of the solution. This proof-of-concept is evaluated on a larger scale where batches of tests highlighted the different performance criteria and constraints of the system. One key finding was the considerable quantity of redundant messages produced under successful scenarios which were helpful in terms of enabling resilience yet could increase network contention. Therefore balancing these attributes are important according to use-case. Finally, graph-based resilience algorithms were executed across all tests to understand the structural resilience of the system and whether this enabled suitable measurements or prediction of the application’s resilience. Interestingly this study highlighted that although the system was not considered to be structurally resilient, the applications were still being executed in the face of many continued component failures. This highlighted that the autonomic embryonic functionality developed was succeeding in executing applications resiliently. Illustrating that structural and application resilience do not necessarily coincide. Additionally, one graph metric, assortativity, was highlighted as being predictive of application resilience, although not structural resilience

Emerging Technologies

This monograph investigates a multitude of emerging technologies including 3D printing, 5G, blockchain, and many more to assess their potential for use to further humanity’s shared goal of sustainable development. Through case studies detailing how these technologies are already being used at companies worldwide, author Sinan Küfeoğlu explores how emerging technologies can be used to enhance progress toward each of the seventeen United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and to guarantee economic growth even in the face of challenges such as climate change. To assemble this book, the author explored the business models of 650 companies in order to demonstrate how innovations can be converted into value to support sustainable development. To ensure practical application, only technologies currently on the market and in use actual companies were investigated. This volume will be of great use to academics, policymakers, innovators at the forefront of green business, and anyone else who is interested in novel and innovative business models and how they could help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This is an open access book

Bit Bang 9: Entrepreneurship

This book is the 9th in the Bit Bang series of books produced as multidisciplinary teamwork exercises by doctoral students participating in the course Bit Bang 9: Entrepreneurship at Aalto University during the academic year 2016–2017. Working in teams, the students set out to answer questions related to entrepreneurship and to brainstorm radical scenarios of what the future could hold. This joint publication contains articles produced as teamwork assignments for the course

Informing Sustainable Standards in 'The Circular Economy' utilising technological and data solutions

In our world of make, use and throw away we are now doing more damage to the planet than good, and this mindset has become unsustainable. One of the solutions to this problem is the ‘Circular Economy’ (CE). The CE replaces the concept of end-of-life production with restoration of natural systems, innovative design to design out waste and keeping products and materials in circulation for as long as possible. This research will use data science and statistical information to provide a solid foundation (framework) for standards developers to frame the development of standards for the CE. The research will extend the current CE model by interjecting innovative ideas into areas of the CE process: data analysis, restriction of harmful chemicals removing them from the supply chain, research into Local Value Creation (LVC) and research into Sustainable Development in the CE. The research will investigate how Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging of products and materials provide a realistic way to trace products and materials in a CE management system. It will also expand the knowledge on digitization in standards development by analyzing key data streams connected to the CE in order to inform the standards development community of the need to develop a standard on the CE. This research will use a mixed methodology by combining quantitative methods (data analysis) and qualitative data (case studies). This will be detailed in Chapter 3 – Methodology. The data collected from the literature review will drive four main Sections and four research questions in Chapter 4. This research will analyse through Case Studies and research papers the uptake of circular thinking in China and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and use the outcomes positive or negative to show practical applications for this research.The objective conclusion of this research is to provide a framework for a European or International standard in order to fill the gap as no such Standard currently exists European or Internationally that addresses the CE. A Framework with inclusions from the research will form a usable output from the research. This research will inform or be of interest to the Standards development community, data scientists, Circular Economy practitioners and environmental regulators. The aim of this research is to provide a framework standard using underlying data and statistical information needed to develop a new Standard on the Circular Economy. Once a Standard is developed and published it can be used by any organisation or group of organisations, country or individual wishing to manage internally and collectively their activities in order to transition to the CE and the Sustainable Development goal of responsible consumption and production. This research has produced a framework from which sustainable standards can be developed. The data acquired from using RFID tags imbedded in products allows manufacturers to control and analyse the materials in their products specific to hazardous chemicals. This data can also be used to track the product through the supply chain and onto its product life cycle. The data gathered in the product example in this thesis tracks the potential use of hazardous chemicals in the product, this is important information for endof-life decisions to be made on the product. The data can then be used to develop requirements and testing regimes for circular economy standards. Having identified some of the main areas of future activity in the CE, this research i.e., the circular economy, data science and standards development will continue to evoke research in the CE for the foreseeable future

Enhanced Living Environments

This open access book was prepared as a Final Publication of the COST Action IC1303 “Algorithms, Architectures and Platforms for Enhanced Living Environments (AAPELE)”. The concept of Enhanced Living Environments (ELE) refers to the area of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) that is more related with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Effective ELE solutions require appropriate ICT algorithms, architectures, platforms, and systems, having in view the advance of science and technology in this area and the development of new and innovative solutions that can provide improvements in the quality of life for people in their homes and can reduce the financial burden on the budgets of the healthcare providers. The aim of this book is to become a state-of-the-art reference, discussing progress made, as well as prompting future directions on theories, practices, standards, and strategies related to the ELE area. The book contains 12 chapters and can serve as a valuable reference for undergraduate students, post-graduate students, educators, faculty members, researchers, engineers, medical doctors, healthcare organizations, insurance companies, and research strategists working in this area

Trilogy On Circular Economy

Circular economy has been on top of the EU agenda as a practical solution for global challenges on resources, environmental issues and social well-being. It has been said that circular economy can bring many opportunities, however, it requires system-level redesign. This change comprises of how we, as individuals and society, shift our values and how we function. Above all, it includes a change in how the system, products, and services operate and, primarily, how they are designed. This compilation thesis discusses circular economy through a trilogy of connected articles. The first article elaborates the concept of circular economy based on a previous research. The second article is dedicated to urban mines, which can play a major role in the transition towards a circular society. Finally, the third article closes the trilogy by debating design for circular economy. This article manifests circular design as the key factor of the resource challenge our society faces and resonates with the principles of circular economy. These thematically overlapping articles describe circular economy in a coherent document and thus contribute to increasing awareness and bring a better understanding of the paradigm.EU on asettanut kiertotalouden etusijalle ratkaisuna maailmanlaajuisiin raaka-aine-, ympäristö- ja sosiaalisen hyvinvoinnin haasteisiin. Oikein suunniteltuna ja toteutettuna kiertotalous luo uusia mahdollisuuksia; toimiakseen se vaatii kuitenkin asenteiden ja toimintojen uudelleen suunnittelua ja arvojemme muuttamista. Ajattelutapojemme ja käyttäytymisen lisäksi muutoksen tulee koskea toimintaympäristön, tuotteiden ja palvelujen suunnittelua ja toimivuutta. Kierrätyksen esimerkiksi tulisi olla osa tuotteen suunnittelua. Tämä kiertotalouden trilogia on kooste kolmesta toisistaan linkittyvästä kiertotaloutta käsittelevästä artikkelista. Ensimmäisessä artikkelissa kerrataan kiertotalouden käsitettä aikaisemman tutkimuksen pohjalta.Toinen artikkeli käsittelee Urban mining -konseptia. “Louhinta” ihmisten ja infrastruktuurin keskellä nähdään olennaiseksi tekijäksi tavoitellessamme kiertotalousyhteiskuntaa. Lopputyön viimeinen artikkeli lopettaa trilogian käsittelemällä suunnittelun merkittävää osuutta kiertotaloudessa ja globaalien resurssien paremmassa hallinnassa. Esitetyissä artikkeleissa on tematiikaltaan luonnollisesti päällekkäisyyksiä. Ne muodostavat kuitenkin johdonmukaisen kokonaisuuden auttamaan konseptin ymmärtämisessä ja muutoksen tärkeyden merkitykset