51,578 research outputs found
High-level signatures and initial semantics
We present a device for specifying and reasoning about syntax for datatypes,
programming languages, and logic calculi. More precisely, we study a notion of
signature for specifying syntactic constructions.
In the spirit of Initial Semantics, we define the syntax generated by a
signature to be the initial object---if it exists---in a suitable category of
models. In our framework, the existence of an associated syntax to a signature
is not automatically guaranteed. We identify, via the notion of presentation of
a signature, a large class of signatures that do generate a syntax.
Our (presentable) signatures subsume classical algebraic signatures (i.e.,
signatures for languages with variable binding, such as the pure lambda
calculus) and extend them to include several other significant examples of
syntactic constructions.
One key feature of our notions of signature, syntax, and presentation is that
they are highly compositional, in the sense that complex examples can be
obtained by assembling simpler ones. Moreover, through the Initial Semantics
approach, our framework provides, beyond the desired algebra of terms, a
well-behaved substitution and the induction and recursion principles associated
to the syntax.
This paper builds upon ideas from a previous attempt by Hirschowitz-Maggesi,
which, in turn, was directly inspired by some earlier work of
Ghani-Uustalu-Hamana and Matthes-Uustalu.
The main results presented in the paper are computer-checked within the
UniMath system.Comment: v2: extended version of the article as published in CSL 2018
(http://dx.doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2018.4); list of changes given in
Section 1.5 of the paper; v3: small corrections throughout the paper, no
major change
Why the Dialectical Tier is an Epistemic Animal
Ralph Johnson has proposed a âtwo tieredâ conception of argument, comprising of the illative core and the dialectical tier. This paper's two-part thesis is that (i) the dialectical tier is best understood as an epistemic requirement for argument, and (ii) once understood epistemically, the dialectical tier requirement can be defended against the leading objections
Pushing the bounds of rationality: Argumentation and extended cognition
One of the central tasks of a theory of argumentation is to supply a theory of appraisal: a set of standards and norms according to which argumentation, and the reasoning involved in it, is properly evaluated. In their most general form, these can be understood as rational norms, where the core idea of rationality is that we rightly respond to reasons by according the credence we attach to our doxastic and conversational commitments with the probative strength of the reasons we have for them. Certain kinds of rational failings are so because they are manifestly illogical â for example, maintaining overtly contradictory commitments, violating deductive closure by refusing to accept the logical consequences of oneâs present commitments, or failing to track basing relations by not updating oneâs commitments in view of new, defeating information. Yet, according to the internal and empirical critiques, logic and probability theory fail to supply a fit set of norms for human reasoning and argument. Particularly, theories of bounded rationality have put pressure on argumentation theory to lower the normative standards of rationality for reasoners and arguers on the grounds that we are bounded, finite, and fallible agents incapable of meeting idealized standards. This paper explores the idea that argumentation, as a set of practices, together with the procedures and technologies of argumentation theory, is able to extend cognition such that we are better able to meet these idealized logical standards, thereby extending our responsibilities to adhere to idealized rational norms
Recent Conceptual Consequences of Loop Quantum Gravity. Part II: Holistic Aspects
Based on the foundational aspects which have been discussed as consequences
of ongoing research on loop quantum gravity in the first part of this paper,
the holistic aspects of the latter are discussed in this second part, aiming at
a consistent and systematic approach to eventually model a hierarchically
ordered architecture of the world which is encompassing all of what there
actually is. The idea is to clarify the explicit relationship between physics
and philosophy on the one hand, and philosophy and the sciences in general, on
the other. It is shown that the ontological determination of worldliness is
practically identical with its epistemological determination so that the
(scientific) activity of modelling and representing the world can be visualized
itself as a (worldly) mode of being.Comment: 20 page
Translating HOL to Dedukti
Dedukti is a logical framework based on the lambda-Pi-calculus modulo
rewriting, which extends the lambda-Pi-calculus with rewrite rules. In this
paper, we show how to translate the proofs of a family of HOL proof assistants
to Dedukti. The translation preserves binding, typing, and reduction. We
implemented this translation in an automated tool and used it to successfully
translate the OpenTheory standard library.Comment: In Proceedings PxTP 2015, arXiv:1507.0837
The e-mail game revisited - Modeling rough inductive reasoning
I study the robustness of RubinsteinÂŽs (1989) E-Mail Game results towards rough inductive reasoning. Rough induction is a form of boundedly rational reasoning where a player does not carry out every inductive step. The information structure in the E-Mail game is generalized and the conditions are characterized under which RubinsteinÂŽs results hold. Rough induction generates a payoff dominant equilibrium where the expected payoffs change continously in the probability of "faulty" communication. The article follows one of MorrisÂŽ(2001a) reactions to the E-Mail game "that one should try to come up with a model of boundedly rational behavior that delivers predictions that are insensitive to whether there is common knowledge or a large number of levels of knowledge".
Decreasing Diagrams for Confluence and Commutation
Like termination, confluence is a central property of rewrite systems. Unlike
for termination, however, there exists no known complexity hierarchy for
confluence. In this paper we investigate whether the decreasing diagrams
technique can be used to obtain such a hierarchy. The decreasing diagrams
technique is one of the strongest and most versatile methods for proving
confluence of abstract rewrite systems. It is complete for countable systems,
and it has many well-known confluence criteria as corollaries.
So what makes decreasing diagrams so powerful? In contrast to other
confluence techniques, decreasing diagrams employ a labelling of the steps with
labels from a well-founded order in order to conclude confluence of the
underlying unlabelled relation. Hence it is natural to ask how the size of the
label set influences the strength of the technique. In particular, what class
of abstract rewrite systems can be proven confluent using decreasing diagrams
restricted to 1 label, 2 labels, 3 labels, and so on? Surprisingly, we find
that two labels suffice for proving confluence for every abstract rewrite
system having the cofinality property, thus in particular for every confluent,
countable system.
Secondly, we show that this result stands in sharp contrast to the situation
for commutation of rewrite relations, where the hierarchy does not collapse.
Thirdly, investigating the possibility of a confluence hierarchy, we
determine the first-order (non-)definability of the notion of confluence and
related properties, using techniques from finite model theory. We find that in
particular Hanf's theorem is fruitful for elegant proofs of undefinability of
properties of abstract rewrite systems
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