2,326 research outputs found
Dynamic disorder in simple enzymatic reactions induces stochastic amplification of substrate
A growing amount of evidence points to the fact that many enzymes exhibit
fluctuations in their catalytic activity, which are associated with
conformational changes on a broad range of timescales. The experimental study
of this phenomenon, termed dynamic disorder, has become possible due to
advances in single-molecule enzymology measurement techniques, through which
the catalytic activity of individual enzyme molecules can be tracked in time.
The biological role and importance of these fluctuations in a system with a
small number of enzymes such as a living cell have only recently started being
explored. In this work, we examine a simple stochastic reaction system
consisting of an inflowing substrate and an enzyme with a randomly fluctuating
catalytic reaction rate that converts the substrate into an outflowing product.
To describe analytically the effect of rate fluctuations on the average
substrate abundance at steady-state, we derive an explicit formula that
connects the relative speed of enzymatic fluctuations with the mean substrate
level. We demonstrate that the relative speed of rate fluctuations can have a
dramatic effect on the mean substrate, and lead to large positive deviations
from predictions based on the assumption of deterministic enzyme activity. Our
results also establish an interesting connection between the amplification
effect and the mixing properties of the Markov process describing the enzymatic
activity fluctuations, which can be used to easily predict the fluctuation
speed above which such deviations become negligible. As the techniques of
single-molecule enzymology continuously evolve, it may soon be possible to
study the stochastic phenomena due to enzymatic activity fluctuations within
living cells. Our work can be used to formulate experimentally testable
hypotheses regarding the magnitude of these fluctuations, as well as their
phenotypic consequences.Comment: 7 Figure
Exact propagation of open quantum systems in a system-reservoir context
A stochastic representation of the dynamics of open quantum systems, suitable
for non-perturbative system-reservoir interaction, non-Markovian effects and
arbitrarily driven systems is presented. It includes the case of driving on
timescales comparable to or shorter than the reservoir correlation time, a
notoriously difficult but relevant case in the context of quantum information
processing and quantum thermodynamics. A previous stochastic approach is
re-formulated for the case of finite reservoir correlation and response times,
resulting in a numerical simulation strategy exceeding previous ones by orders
of magnitude in efficiency. Although the approach is based on a memory
formalism, the dynamical equations propagated in the simulations are
time-local. This leaves a wide range of choices in selecting the system to be
studied and the numerical method used for propagation. For a series of tests,
the dynamics of the spin-boson system is computed in various settings including
strong external driving and Landau-Zener transitions.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. v2: inset in Fig. 2 and some text added, further
references. v3: minor correction
Linear feedback stabilization of a dispersively monitored qubit
The state of a continuously monitored qubit evolves stochastically,
exhibiting competition between coherent Hamiltonian dynamics and diffusive
partial collapse dynamics that follow the measurement record. We couple these
distinct types of dynamics together by linearly feeding the collected record
for dispersive energy measurements directly back into a coherent Rabi drive
amplitude. Such feedback turns the competition cooperative, and effectively
stabilizes the qubit state near a target state. We derive the conditions for
obtaining such dispersive state stabilization and verify the stabilization
conditions numerically. We include common experimental nonidealities, such as
energy decay, environmental dephasing, detector efficiency, and feedback delay,
and show that the feedback delay has the most significant negative effect on
the feedback protocol. Setting the measurement collapse timescale to be long
compared to the feedback delay yields the best stabilization.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure
Uncoupled Analysis of Stochastic Reaction Networks in Fluctuating Environments
The dynamics of stochastic reaction networks within cells are inevitably
modulated by factors considered extrinsic to the network such as for instance
the fluctuations in ribsome copy numbers for a gene regulatory network. While
several recent studies demonstrate the importance of accounting for such
extrinsic components, the resulting models are typically hard to analyze. In
this work we develop a general mathematical framework that allows to uncouple
the network from its dynamic environment by incorporating only the
environment's effect onto the network into a new model. More technically, we
show how such fluctuating extrinsic components (e.g., chemical species) can be
marginalized in order to obtain this decoupled model. We derive its
corresponding process- and master equations and show how stochastic simulations
can be performed. Using several case studies, we demonstrate the significance
of the approach. For instance, we exemplarily formulate and solve a marginal
master equation describing the protein translation and degradation in a
fluctuating environment.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, Appendix attached as SI.pdf, under submissio
Non-Markovian Dynamics and Entanglement of Two-level Atoms in a Common Field
We derive the stochastic equations and consider the non-Markovian dynamics of
a system of multiple two-level atoms in a common quantum field. We make only
the dipole approximation for the atoms and assume weak atom-field interactions.
From these assumptions we use a combination of non-secular open- and
closed-system perturbation theory, and we abstain from any additional
approximation schemes. These more accurate solutions are necessary to explore
several regimes: in particular, near-resonance dynamics and low-temperature
behavior. In detuned atomic systems, small variations in the system energy
levels engender timescales which, in general, cannot be safely ignored, as
would be the case in the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). More problematic
are the second-order solutions, which, as has been recently pointed out, cannot
be accurately calculated using any second-order perturbative master equation,
whether RWA, Born-Markov, Redfield, etc.. This latter problem, which applies to
all perturbative open-system master equations, has a profound effect upon
calculation of entanglement at low temperatures. We find that even at zero
temperature all initial states will undergo finite-time disentanglement
(sometimes termed "sudden death"), in contrast to previous work. We also use
our solution, without invoking RWA, to characterize the necessary conditions
for Dickie subradiance at finite temperature. We find that the subradiant
states fall into two categories at finite temperature: one that is temperature
independent and one that acquires temperature dependence. With the RWA there is
no temperature dependence in any case.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, v2 updated references, v3 clarified results and
corrected renormalization, v4 further clarified results and new Fig. 8-1
- …