Shades Of Meaning: Capturing Meaningful Context-Based Variations In Neural Patterns

When cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists consider the variability that arises during the retrieval of conceptual information, this variability it is often understood to arise from the dynamic interactions between concepts and contexts. �When cognitive neuroscientists and neurolinguists think about this variability, it is typically treated as noise and discarded from the analyses. In this dissertation, we bridge these two traditions by asking: can the variability in neural patterns evoked by word meanings reflect the contextual variation that occurs during conceptual processing? We employ functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure, quantify, and predict brain activity during context-dependent retrieval of word meanings. Across three experiments, we test the ways in which word-evoked neural variability is influenced by the sentence context in which the word appears (Chapter 2); the current set of task demands (Chapter 3); or even undirected thoughts about other concepts (Chapter 4). Our findings indicate that not only do the neural patterns evoked by the same stimulus word vary over time, but we can predict the degree to which these patterns vary using meaningful, theoretically motivated variables. These results demonstrate that cross-context, within-concept variations in neural responses are not exclusively due to statistical noise or measurement error. Rather, the degree of a concept’s neural variability varies in a manner that accords with a context-dependent view of semantic representation. In addition, we present preliminary evidence that prefrontally-mediated cognitive control processes are involved in expression of context-appropriate neural patterns. In sum, these studies provide a novel perspective on the flexibility of word meanings and the variable brain activity patterns associated with them

Étude des substrats cérébraux associés au traitement sémantique dans le vieillissement pathologique et normal

Introduction : Les patients atteints de la variante sémantique de l'aphasie primaire progressive (vsAPP) et de trouble neurocognitif majeur dû à la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) ont des déficits langagiers qui nuisent à leur qualité de vie. Ces déficits sont notamment liés à une atteinte du traitement de la signification des mots ou sémantique. Les thérapies actuelles, telles que les thérapies de rééducation du langage et la pharmacothérapie, ont une efficacité limitée pour améliorer les habiletés langagières chez les personnes atteintes de vsAPP et de MA. Une des raisons pouvant contribuer aux limites de l'efficacité de ces thérapies est qu'ils ne ciblent pas de façon spécifique les substrats cérébraux liés à l'atteinte du traitement sémantique. Or, ces substrats cérébraux ont besoin d'être mieux définis. Plusieurs mesures liées à l'anatomie, à l'activité électrophysiologique et à la modulation de l'activité cérébrale permettent d'étudier les substrats cérébraux associés au traitement sémantique. En ce qui a trait à l'anatomie, il est possible de mesurer le volume de matière grise du cerveau. Comme mesures de l'activité électrophysiologique, on note le potentiel évoqué N400 et la puissance des oscillations au repos. La modulation de l'activité cérébrale permet, pour sa part, d'explorer des liens de causalité entre des processus cognitifs et des réseaux cérébraux. Différentes techniques permettent d'obtenir ces mesures, telles la morphométrie cérébrale, l'électroencéphalographie (EEG) et la stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu (STCC). Objectif : L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier les substrats cérébraux associés au traitement sémantique, au cours du vieillissement, afin de contribuer au développement d'approches thérapeutiques pour améliorer le langage dans le vieillissement pathologique. Hypothèse : L'anatomie et l'activité électrophysiologique cérébrale sont associées au traitement sémantique dans le vieillissement pathologique et normal, et la modulation de l'activité cérébrale permet d'explorer des liens de causalité entre le traitement sémantique et des régions cérébrales. Méthode : Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous avons effectué 4 études. L'étude 1 a pour but d'identifier les régions du cerveau dont le volume de matière grise est lié aux habiletés en lecture de mots, laquelle implique un traitement sémantique, chez des patients atteints de vsAPP et de MA et des aînés sains à l'aide de la morphométrie cérébrale. L'étude 2 a pour but d'étudier le traitement sémantique via le comportement et le potentiel évoqué N400 dans la MA et le vieillissement normal, par le biais d'une revue systématique. L'étude 3 a pour but d'étudier l'activité cérébrale associée au traitement sémantique chez des aînés sains en comparaison à celle de jeunes adultes avec l'EEG. L'étude 4 a pour but d'identifier les régions du cerveau auxquelles la STCC peut être appliquée pour moduler le traitement sémantique par le biais d'une revue de littérature. Résultats : L'étude 1 a révélé que le volume de matière grise du lobe temporal antérieur gauche est associé au nombre d'erreurs commises lors de la lecture de mots, qui implique un traitement sémantique. L'étude 2 a révélé des différences dans le potentiel évoqué N400 entre les personnes atteintes de MA et les aînés sains, ainsi qu'entre ces derniers et les adultes plus jeunes. L'étude 3 a révélé que, malgré un comportement similaire entre les aînés et les jeunes, l'activité électrophysiologique cérébrale associée au traitement sémantique diffère entre les groupes d'âge. L'étude 4 a révélé que la STCC appliquée à des régions des cortex frontal, temporal et pariétal peut moduler le traitement sémantique chez des adultes en santé. Conclusion : Des mesures de l'anatomie et de l'activité électrophysiologique, dont le volume de matière grise du lobe temporal du cerveau et le potentiel évoqué N400, sont associés au traitement sémantique dans le vieillissement pathologique et normal. Les mesures de la modulation de l'activité cérébrale renforcent le rôle de régions cérébrales temporales, frontales et pariétales dans le traitement sémantique. Ces études fournissent des pistes quant aux régions cérébrales qui pourraient être ciblées pour améliorer le traitement sémantique dans le vieillissement pathologique, tel que par l'utilisation de techniques de neuromodulation non-invasive.Introduction: Patients with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) and with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show language impairments that affect their quality of life. One of the main sources of language impairment in these populations is that they present with abnormal processing of the meaning of words (semantic processing deficits). Treatment options currently available, namely pharmacotherapy and language therapy, have limited effectiveness to improve language abilities in these patients. It is possible that a therapy that would directly target the neural substrates involved in semantic processing, unlike currently available therapies, could have a positive impact on language abilities. However, these neural substrates are not that well characterized. Neural substrates of semantic processing can be studied via different anatomical and electrophysiological brain measures, or through neuromodulation of brain activity. To study the structural brain anatomy and electrophysiological brain activity, one can measure respectively gray matter volume and the N400 event-related potential. The measurement of the effects of neuromodulation further allows to explore causal links between cognitive processes and targeted brain regions. Different techniques enable to collect these measures, such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM), electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Objective: The main objective of this thesis is to study the brain substrates related to semantic processing in aging in order to contribute to the development of treatments aiming at improving language abilities. Hypothesis: Anatomical and electrophysiological brain measures are associated with semantic processing in pathological and healthy aging, and neuromodulation allows to explore causal links between semantic processing and brain regions. Methods: To achieve our objective, we conducted 4 studies. Study 1 aims at identifying the brain regions in which gray matter volume is associated with whole-word reading (which implies semantic processing) in patients with svPPA or AD and healthy elderly adults using VBM. Study 2 aims at investigating the N400 event-related potential, associated with semantic processing, in AD and healthy aging through a systematic review. Study 3 aims at investigating the electrophysiological brain activity associated with semantic processing in healthy elderly adults in comparison to young adults using EEG. Study 4 aims at identifying the brain regions that could be targeted with tDCS to modulate semantic processing through a literature review. Results: Study 1 revealed that gray matter volume of the left anterior temporal lobe is associated with the number of errors in whole-word reading, which implies semantic processing. Study 2 revealed differences in the N400 event-related potential between patients with AD and healthy elderly adults, as well as between healthy elderly and younger adults. Study 3 revealed that, despite a similar behavioral performance between elderly and younger adults, some of the electrophysiological activity patterns associated with semantic processing differed between the two age groups. Study 4 revealed that tDCS delivered over the frontal, temporal and parietal cortices can modulate semantic processing in healthy adults. Conclusion: Anatomical and electrophysiological brain measures, including gray matter volume and the N400 event-related potential, are associated with semantic processing in pathological and healthy aging. Neuromodulation measures strengthen the role of temporal, frontal and parietal brain regions in semantic processing. These studies outline brain regions that could be targeted with non-invasive neuromodulation techniques to improve semantic processing in pathological aging

Relations entre conscience et représentations sémantiques verbales : approche comportementale et neurophysiologique chez le sujet sain et le patient cérébro-lésé

The study of cognitive functions so complex such as language and consciousness, and of their interactions, is a challenge at the boundaries between medicine (intensive care, anesthesia, neurology) and cognitive neuroscience. Semantic processing provides our perceptual experiences with a level of abstraction allowing a variety of conceptual functions such as object recognition, social cognition, or language. In this thesis, we explored the relationships between verbal semantic processing and consciousness using a double approach: first, by studying healthy subjects in conscious and unconscious condition (using visual masking), and secondly by studying patients with disorders of consciousness. Through this work we provided empirical evidence of unconscious semantic representations. We then proposed that the two main brain signatures of semantic processing observed in ERPs (N400 and LPC / P600) could be integrated in a two stages model: a first unconscious stage (corresponding to the N400), followed or not by a second stage of processing corresponding to conscious semantics (LPC / P600). Exploring the differences between conscious and nonconscious processing, we showed that nonconscious semantic processing is sensitive to conscious top-down influences. These results refute a strictly automatic conception of unconscious cognition. Our results also shed new light on the respective roles of the two hemispheres in the resolution of semantic ambiguity. The exploration of high-level cognitive abilities, - such a verbal semantic processing - in patients affected with disorder of consciousness should enable significant advancements in their medical management.L'étude de fonctions cognitives telles que le langage, la conscience et a fortiori leurs relations, constitue un défi aux confins de la médecine et des neurosciences cognitives. Le traitement sémantique procure à nos expériences perceptuelles un niveau de représentation abstrait, permettant une variété de fonctions conceptuelles. Dans ce travail, nous avons voulu explorer les relations entre le traitement sémantique verbal et la conscience en adoptant une double approche : d'une part en étudiant des sujets sains en condition de perception consciente et inconsciente (en utilisant une technique de masquage visuel), et d'autre part en étudiant des patients présentant un trouble de la conscience. Au travers de ce travail, nous apportons des arguments en faveur de l'existence de représentations sémantiques verbales inconscientes. Nous proposons également que les deux signatures cérébrales observées en potentiels évoqués (N400 puis LPC/P600) puissent s'intégrer dans un modèle à deux temps : premier temps inconscient (correspondant à la N400), puis second temps conscient (correspondant à la LPC/P600). En explorant les différences entre traitement conscient et non conscient, nous montrons que le traitement sémantique non conscient est sensible aux influences descendantes conscientes, ce qui réfute une conception strictement automatique de la cognition inconsciente. Nos résultats apportent également un nouveau regard sur les mécanismes de résolution d'ambiguïté sémantique. L'exploration des capacités cognitives telles que le traitement sémantique verbal, chez des patients présentant un trouble de la conscience, devrait permettre des avancées notables dans leur prise en charge

What influences the accessibility of conceptual knowledge? Evidence from Experimental Psychology, Neuropsychology and Brain Stimulation

Previous studies have shown that accessibility of conceptual information declines when sets of semantically-related items are presented repeatedly, although the underlying basis of this effect is debated – it is unclear if comprehension can decline without massed repetition of individual items, or if this effect is restricted to lexical retrieval in picture naming. Furthermore, declining comprehension has been characterised as arising from both ‘too much activation’ (i.e., on-going strong activation of competitors) and ‘too much inhibition’ (i.e., a failure to overcome inhibition which may facilitate the earlier retrieval of semantically-related targets). The thesis explored the impact of experimental manipulations (speed of presentation; strength of association between category and target item; modality of presentation; type of semantic decision required), on the magnitude of declining comprehension in healthy young adults. Comprehension declined even without individual item repetition, especially for strongly-associated targets (which may have accrued more competition or inhibition). The effect was found irrespective of presentation modality and more strongly at fast presentation speeds (when there was less time to overcome competition/inhibition). Next, the thesis examined the impact of ageing and semantic aphasia on changes in comprehension within the continuous categorisation paradigm. In these populations, controlled retrieval of conceptual information is thought to be weakened (relative to younger adults and healthy controls without aphasia). This should exaggerate declines in comprehension that reflect difficulty overcoming competition, but reduce the effect if it arises from the inhibition of competitors on earlier trials. The results were in line with the second hypothesis, since older adults and patients with semantic aphasia maintained their performance throughout the categories, unlike younger adults. Lastly, the thesis examined how this effect is modulated by transcranial electrical stimulation delivered to a key brain region implicated in semantic control – left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). Stimulation of LIFG attenuated the effect of declining comprehension, perhaps because initial retrieval was facilitated (potentially reducing the inhibition of related information), and/or because subsequent target selection was strengthened. Together, these results provide a more comprehensive account of what drives declining performance in continuous categorisation in healthy young adults who have the capacity to strongly engage semantic control