Jobs as Lancaster Goods: Facets of Job Satisfaction and Overall Job Satisfaction

Overall job satisfaction is likely to reflect the combination of partial satisfactions related to various features of one’s job, such as pay, security, the work itself, working conditions, working hours, and the like. The level of overall job satisfaction emerges as the weighted outcome of the individual’s job satisfaction with each of these facets. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent and importance of partial satisfactions in affecting and explaining overall job satisfaction. Using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) a two layer model is estimated which proposes that job satisfaction with different facets of jobs are interrelated and the individual’s reported overall job satisfaction depends on the weight that the individual allocates to each of these facets. For each of the ten countries examined, satisfaction with the intrinsic aspects of the job is the main criterion which workers use to evaluate their job and this is true for both the short and the long term.European Commissio

The Anatomy and Facets of Dynamic Policies

Information flow policies are often dynamic; the security concerns of a program will typically change during execution to reflect security-relevant events. A key challenge is how to best specify, and give proper meaning to, such dynamic policies. A large number of approaches exist that tackle that challenge, each yielding some important, but unconnected, insight. In this work we synthesise existing knowledge on dynamic policies, with an aim to establish a common terminology, best practices, and frameworks for reasoning about them. We introduce the concept of facets to illuminate subtleties in the semantics of policies, and closely examine the anatomy of policies and the expressiveness of policy specification mechanisms. We further explore the relation between dynamic policies and the concept of declassification.Comment: Technical Report of publication under the same name in Computer Security Foundations (CSF) 201

Ageing and saving

The issue of ageing and saving has two distinct facets. On the one hand, there is the individual issue. Each of us is getting older and wants to make sure that our savings plans are appropriate. I term this the ‘microeconomic’ aspect of saving and ageing. At the same time, OECD economies are themselves ageing: people are living longer, the baby-boom generation, born after 1945, is passing through to middle age and, in some countries, fertility rates are below replacement levels. I term this the ‘macroeconomic’ aspect of ageing, and it will affect these economies in almost all dimensions: in savings and investment rates, in the growth rates of productivity, output and public spending, in wage structure, educational attainment and labour supply (Disney, 1996). And, of course, there are links between the microeconomic and macroeconomic facets of ageing: for example, as a country ages, with more elderly dependants relative to workers, it becomes harder to sustain the social security pension without higher taxes. In turn, a prospective decline in the social security pension may cause people to revise their individual or household saving and retirement strategies.

Confronting objections to performance pay: A study of the impact of individual and gain-sharing incentives on the job satisfaction of British employees

The increasing interest in incentive pay schemes in recent years has raised concerns regarding their potential damaging effect on intrinsic job satisfaction, or the security of employment. This study explores the impact of both individual and gain-sharing incentives on the overall job satisfaction of workers in the UK, as well as their satisfaction with various facets of jobs, namely total pay, job security, and the actual work itself. Using data from six waves (1998-2003) of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), and after correcting for the sorting problem that arises, no significant difference in overall job utility is found between those receiving performance-related pay (PRP) and those on other methods of compensation. In addition, non-economic arguments that PRP crowds-out the intrinsic satisfaction of jobs are also not supported, as are popular concerns regarding the adverse impact of PRP schemes on job security. An important asymmetry in the manner in which individual and gain-sharing incentives affect the utility of employees is nonetheless unearthed, as the latter are consistently found to have a positive effect on employee well-being

Industrial practitioners' mental models of adversarial machine learning

Although machine learning is widely used in practice, little is known about practitioners' understanding of potential security challenges. In this work, we close this substantial gap and contribute a qualitative study focusing on developers' mental models of the machine learning pipeline and potentially vulnerable components. Similar studies have helped in other security fields to discover root causes or improve risk communication. Our study reveals two facets of practitioners' mental models of machine learning security. Firstly, practitioners often confuse machine learning security with threats and defences that are not directly related to machine learning. Secondly, in contrast to most academic research, our participants perceive security of machine learning as not solely related to individual models, but rather in the context of entire workflows that consist of multiple components. Jointly with our additional findings, these two facets provide a foundation to substantiate mental models for machine learning security and have implications for the integration of adversarial machine learning into corporate workflows, decreasing practitioners' reported uncertainty, and appropriate regulatory frameworks for machine learning security

(WP 2013-08) Economic (In)Security and Gender Differences in Trade Policy Attitudes

Over time and across countries, researchers have noted frequent and mostly unexplained gender differences in the levels of support for policies of free or freer trade: women tend to be less favorable toward policies of liberalizing trade than men. Yet, no well substantiated theoretical or empirical account of the gender component of trade attitudes has emerged. Using an economic security explanation based principally on a mobile factors approach, we find that it is not women generally who are more negative toward trade but particularly economically vulnerable women – i.e. women from the scarce labor factor. We utilize recent survey data on individuals’ attitudes toward different facets of trade and its effects across three disparate regions to examine this phenomenon empirically. An economic security approach helps to explain the marked differences in attitudes toward trade among lower- and higher-skilled females in developing and developed countries

The relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave among security personnel : A case study at SECOM (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd

The purpose of this project paper was to identify the relationship between job satisfactions with the intention to leave among security personnel within Secom (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., a security service provider located in Shah Alam, Selangor. This study is aimed to identify the most high impact job satisfactions facets or dimension on the intention to leave the organization. It is also to identify the significant differences between studied demographic characteristics with the intention to leave among respondents. A questionnaire consists of six (6) facets of satisfaction developed by Wood et al. (1986) and Purani and Sahadev (2007) was used to measure job satisfaction with the intention to leave. The research is done via survey which inclusive of total of 57 questions for all facets or dimensions of job satisfaction and intention to leave; as well as their demographic characteristics. The data was analyzed by using the SPSS version 20.0. Respondents participated in the project paper was selected among security personnel of Secom (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. located throughout Malaysia. These employees were coming from various races, age group, marital status, years of working experience and academic levels. The findings indicate that there is a relationship between job satisfaction facets and the intention to leave. To add, satisfaction with supervisor and satisfaction to the management and human resource policies are said to have significant contribution and turns to be the dominant factor and has the highest impact to the intention to leave among security personnel in Secom (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. It was also found that different age group, marital status and education levels have significant differences with the intention to leave among respondent

Secrecy and Intelligence: Introduction

The catalyst for this special issue of Secrecy and Society stems from a workshop titled “Secrecy and Intelligence: Opening the Black Box” at North Carolina State University, April, 2016. This workshop brought together interested scholars, intelligence practitioners, and civil society members from the United States and Europe to discuss how different facets of secrecy and other practices shape the production of knowledge in intelligence work. This dialogue aimed to be reflective on how the closed social worlds of intelligence shape what intelligence actors and intelligence analysts, who include those within the intelligence establishment and those on the outside, know about security threats and the practice of intelligence. The papers in this special issue reflect conversations that occurred during and after the workshop

No. 10: The State of Household Food Security in Maputo, Mozambique

The Hungry Cities Partnership aims to promote inclusive growth in urban food systems in Maputo and other cities of the Global South. The production of new empirical knowledge about the levels of household food security and the various facets of the urban food system is a core component of this effort. This report presents and analyses findings from a city-wide survey of 2,071 households that found that most Maputo households are food insecure and that more than a third can be categorized as severely food insecure. Dietary diversity in the city is extremely low and almost half of households had gone without food due to price increases in the six months prior to the survey. The findings demonstrate the importance of the informal economy for food security, both in terms of informal sources of household income and informal food sources. The survey results also suggest a sharp divide in food security status between households in the formal and informal areas of Maputo. Given the differences in infrastructure access between the formal and informal areas of the city, and the close relationship between infrastructure access and food insecurity in Maputo, the informal/formal divide may be a physical manifestation of severe inequality across multiple deprivations in the city. The report recommends that informal vending be given the support it needs for its operations, as it is a critical source of food and livelihoods in Maputo