54,175 research outputs found
Epidemiological and awareness study of tuberculosis in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the serious infectious diseases and has been
characterized worldwide as an epidemic by World Health Organization (WHO). TB
is still a public health problem in Malaysia. Baseline information on the disease
situation is one of the prerequisites for the development of appropriate control
measures. The cornerstone in proper management of TB patients is ensuring high
awareness in communities about TB. Thus the current research is directed to
investigate the epidemiology of TB, determined the level of public awareness of TB
and some factors that are responsible for the emergence of TB. Retrospective method
was used for collecting epidemiological data from the Batu Pahat chest clinic. All
registered TB patients (total of 1213 patients) from 2008 to 2013 in Batu Pahat Chest
Clinic were included in the study. On the other hand, the awareness study was
carried out by the use of questionnaires. A two-stage cluster sampling method was
used. 600 respondents were targeted which form the study sample. However, 498
questionnaires were returned. Descriptive data analysis was employed to describe the
results in frequency and percentage distribution. It was discovered that there was an
annually increase in TB incidence with pulmonary TB the most common infection in
Batu Pahat. Almost all (92.7%) the TB cases were new. On the other hand, majority
(87.0%) of respondents have heard about TB. Common symptoms identified by
respondents were coughing for over 2 weeks (51.8%), hemoptysis (49.2%) and
difficulty in breathing (50.2%). Smoking cigarette (74.3%), living with individual
having chronic cough (71.5%) and HIV/AIDS (65.7%) were the common risk factors
of TB identified by respondents. Most of the respondents (83.5%) were aware of the
existence of TB drugs. However, the standard DOTs treatment duration of 6-9
months was identified by few (12.4%) respondents. This research provided
information regarding TB status in Batu Pahat. The level of awareness among Batu
Pahat general public about TB is fairly good. Meanwhile, more need to be done
especially on diabetes as the risk factors of TB and treatment duration
Finite strain viscoplasticity with nonlinear kinematic hardening: phenomenological modeling and time integration
This article deals with a viscoplastic material model of overstress type. The
model is based on a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient
into elastic and inelastic part. An additional multiplicative decomposition of
inelastic part is used to describe a nonlinear kinematic hardening of
Armstrong-Frederick type.
Two implicit time-stepping methods are adopted for numerical integration of
evolution equations, such that the plastic incompressibility constraint is
exactly satisfied. The first method is based on the tensor exponential. The
second method is a modified Euler-Backward method. Special numerical tests show
that both approaches yield similar results even for finite inelastic
increments.
The basic features of the material response, predicted by the material model,
are illustrated with a series of numerical simulations.Comment: 29 pages, 7 figure
Gaussian Kinetic Model for Granular Gases
A kinetic model for the Boltzmann equation is proposed and explored as a
practical means to investigate the properties of a dilute granular gas. It is
shown that all spatially homogeneous initial distributions approach a universal
"homogeneous cooling solution" after a few collisions. The homogeneous cooling
solution (HCS) is studied in some detail and the exact solution is compared
with known results for the hard sphere Boltzmann equation. It is shown that all
qualitative features of the HCS, including the nature of over population at
large velocities, are reproduced semi-quantitatively by the kinetic model. It
is also shown that all the transport coefficients are in excellent agreement
with those from the Boltzmann equation. Also, the model is specialized to one
having a velocity independent collision frequency and the resulting HCS and
transport coefficients are compared to known results for the Maxwell Model. The
potential of the model for the study of more complex spatially inhomogeneous
states is discussed.Comment: to be submitted to Phys. Rev.
The 1999 Center for Simulation of Dynamic Response in Materials Annual Technical Report
Introduction:
This annual report describes research accomplishments for FY 99 of the Center
for Simulation of Dynamic Response of Materials. The Center is constructing a
virtual shock physics facility in which the full three dimensional response of a
variety of target materials can be computed for a wide range of compressive, ten-
sional, and shear loadings, including those produced by detonation of energetic
materials. The goals are to facilitate computation of a variety of experiments
in which strong shock and detonation waves are made to impinge on targets
consisting of various combinations of materials, compute the subsequent dy-
namic response of the target materials, and validate these computations against
experimental data
A novel rate-dependent cohesive-zone model combining damage and visco-elasticity
This is the author’s post-print version of a work that was accepted for publication in Computers & Structures. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication.The published paper is available from the link below.This paper presents a novel rate-dependent cohesive-zone model combining damage and visco-elasticity and based on two fundamental assumptions. Firstly we postulate the existence of an intrinsic (i.e. rate-independent) fracture energy. Secondly, within a thermodynamically consistent damage-mechanics framework we assume that the evolution of the damage variable is related to the current free energy and to the intrinsic fracture energy. The underlying idea is that the energy of the bonds at the micro-level is rate-independent and that the rate-dependence of the overall dissipated energy during crack propagation is a natural by-product of the visco-elastic dissipation lumped on the zero-thickness interface. Quite good agreement within an expected range of loading rates was obtained between numerical and experimental results for a DCB specimen with steel arms bonded through a rubber interface. This is despite the fact that for this application the model has been kept as simple as possible using a quadratic elastic energy and linear visco-elasticity with one relaxation time only. Therefore, the presented results support the fundamental principles behind the proposed approach and indicate that the model has the potential to be refined into a highly accurate tool of analysis based on sound physical arguments.EPSR
Shape of an elastica under growth restricted by friction
We investigate the quasi-static growth of elastic fibers in the presence of
dry or viscous friction. An unusual form of destabilization beyond a critical
length is described. In order to characterize this phenomenon, a new definition
of stability against infinitesimal perturbations over finite time intervals is
proposed and a semi-analytical method for the determination of the critical
length is developed. The post-critical behavior of the system is studied by
using an appropriate numerical scheme based on variational methods. We find
post-critical shapes for uniformly distributed as well as for concentrated
growth and demonstrate convergence to a figure-8 shape for large lengths when
self-crossing is allowed. Comparison with simple physical experiments yields
reasonable accuracy of the theoretical predictions
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